Quotes about speaking
page 35

Rihanna photo
John Marshall Harlan II photo
John Ruskin photo

“I have always found that the less we speak of our intentions, the more chance there is of our realizing them.”

John Ruskin (1819–1900) English writer and art critic

Preface to the first edition, 1865
The Ethics of the Dust (1875)

Mona Charen photo

“Follett was always preoccupied with the dynamic view of organization, with the thing in process, so to speak. Authority, Power, Leadership, the Giving of Orders, Conflict, Conciliation — all her keywords are active words. There is a static or structural approach to the problem of organization which has its value; but those who are most convinced of the importance of such structural analysis would be the first to admit that it is only a step on the journey, an instrument of thought; it is not and cannot be complete in itself; it is only the anatomy of the subject. As in medicine, the study of anatomy may be an essential discipline, but it is in the physiology and psychology of the individual patient that that discipline finds its working justification.
Thus the four principles which she finally arrived at to express her view of organization were all active principles. In her own words, they are:
"1. Co-ordination by direct contact of the responsible people concerned.
2. Co-ordination in the early stages.
3. Co-ordination as a reciprocal relating of all the features in a situation.
4. Co-ordination as a continuing process."”

Henry C. Metcalf (1867–1942) American business theorist

Since these principles are carefully explained and illustrated by Miss Follett herself in the final paper in this volume, we must content ourselves here with merely this concise statement of them.
Source: Dynamic administration, 1942, p. xxvi

Jessica Lynch photo
Jane Fonda photo

“Winning means some kind of approval of the Establishment which means people will more readily accept me, may be less frightened of me and other people who speak out”

Jane Fonda (1937) American actress and activist

On winning the Academy Award for Best Actress. Quotes of the Week. The Associated Press/Reading Eagle, 16 April 1972 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AgkrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qpkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6286,3330743

Kate Chopin photo
Henry David Thoreau photo
Peter F. Drucker photo
Ian Holloway photo
Honoré de Balzac photo

“Peter the Hermit, Calvin, and Robespierre, each at an interval of three hundred years and all three from the same region, were, politically speaking, the Archimedean screws of their age, — at each epoch a Thought which found its fulcrum in the self-interest of mankind.”

Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850) French writer

Pierre l'Ermite, Calvin et Robespierre, chacun à trois cents ans de distance, ces trois Picards ont été, politiquement parlant, des leviers d'Archimède.C'était à chaque époque une pensée qui recontrait un point d'appel dans les intérêts et chez les hommes.
Source: About Catherine de' Medici (1842), Part I: The Calvinist Martyr, Ch. XIII: Calvin.

Joshua Reynolds photo
Jill Vogel photo
Jane Roberts photo
Shane Claiborne photo
Wassily Kandinsky photo
John Heywood photo

“Nought venter nought haue. spare to speake spare to spéede.
Vnknowne vnkyst. it is loste that is vnsought.
As good séeke nought (quoth I) as seeke and finde nought.”

John Heywood (1497–1580) English writer known for plays, poems and a collection of proverbs

Naught venture naught have. spare to speak spare to speed.
Unknown unkissed. it is lost that is unsought.
As good seek nought, said I, as seek and find naught.
Part I, chapter 11.
Proverbs (1546)

Odilo Globocnik photo

“This is one of the most highly secret matters there are, perhaps the most secret. Anybody who speaks about it is shot dead immediately. Two talkative people died yesterday.”

Odilo Globocnik (1904–1945) SS officer

To Kurt Gerstein, 17 August 1942. Quoted in "Genocide, Critical Issues of the Holocaust" - Page 455 - by Alex Grobman, Daniel Landes, Sybil Milton - History - 1983.

Burkard Schliessmann photo
William Bateson photo
Naomi Klein photo

“When Nike says, just do it, that's a message of empowerment. Why aren't the rest of us speaking to young people in a voice of inspiration?”

Naomi Klein (1970) Canadian author and activist

No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies 1999

Samuel McChord Crothers photo

“We sometimes speak of stubborn facts. Nonsense! A fact is a mere babe when compared with a stubborn theory.”

Samuel McChord Crothers (1857–1927) American minister

Source: The Gentle Reader (1903), p. 277

Christopher Moore photo
François de La Rochefoucauld photo

“Everyone speaks well of his heart; no one dares speak well of his mind.”

Chacun dit du bien de son coeur et personne n'en ose dire de son esprit.
Maxim 98.
Reflections; or Sentences and Moral Maxims (1665–1678)

Caitlín R. Kiernan photo
Florence Nightingale photo
Margaret Thatcher photo

“In my lifetime all our problems have come from mainland Europe and all the solutions have come from the English-speaking nations across the world.”

Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013) British stateswoman and politician

Speech to Scottish Tories in 1999 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Did+they+REALLY+say+that%3F+AS+A+SHORTLIST+IS+COMPILED+OF+THE+YEAR%27S...-a0109790331
Post-Prime Ministerial

Robert P. George photo
Margaret Chase Smith photo
Joseph Joubert photo
Thomas Gainsborough photo

“Dear Sir Joshua, - I am just to write what I fear you will not read - after lying in a dying state for 6 months [in reality much shorter]. The extreme affection which I am informed of by a Friend which Sir Joshua has expresd induces me to beg a last favor, which is to come once under my Roof and look at my things, my woodman you never saw, if what I ask now is not disagreeable to your feeling that I may have the honour to speak to you. I can from a sincere Heart say that I always admired and sincerely loved Sir Joshua Reynolds. 'Tho. Gainsborough.”

Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788) English portrait and landscape painter

A last letter of Gainsborough to Sir Joshua Reynolds, End of July 1788; as cited in Thomas Gainsborough, by William T, Whitley https://ia800204.us.archive.org/6/items/thomasgainsborou00whitrich/thomasgainsborou00whitrich.pdf; New York, Charles Scribner's Sons – London, Smith, Elder & Co, Sept. 1915, p. 307
Gainsborough, on the occasion of that last visit, actually had many of his unfinished canvases brought to his bedside to show to Sir Joshua
1770 - 1788

Brandon Boyd photo
John Selden photo

“Few men make themselves masters of the things they write or speak.”

John Selden (1584–1654) English jurist and scholar of England's ancient laws and constitution, and of Jewish law

Learning.
Table Talk (1689)

Darius I of Persia photo
Anton Mauve photo

“our Goddess [how painting is going] is sometimes so erratic, just when you want to speak to her, she is hiding and if you did not immediately think of her, she comes to give hanks incessantly and is so kind, anyway - we shall see.. (translation from original Dutch, Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018)”

Anton Mauve (1838–1888) Dutch painter (1838–1888)

(version in original Dutch / origineel citaat van Anton Mauve, uit zijn brief:) onze Godin [hoe het schilderen verloopt] is soms zoo grillig, juist als je haar wil spreken, houd zij zich schuil en als je niet direct aan haar dacht, komt ze onophoudelijk hándjes geven en is zoo vriendelijk, enfin - wij zullen zien..
In a letter to Willem Witsen, from The Hague, 28 Dec. 1884?]; original copy from website DBNL https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/wits009brie01_01/wits009brie01_01_0025.php; location of resource: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag: no. KB75 C51
1880's

Joel Chandler Harris photo
Joseph Strutt photo
Nicholas D. Kristof photo

“Americans have called on moderates in Muslim countries to speak out against extremists, to stand up for the tolerance they say they believe in. We should all have the guts do the same at home.”

Nicholas D. Kristof (1959) journalist, author, columnist

" America's History of Fear http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/opinion/05kristof.html", New York Times, 4 September 2010

Northrop Frye photo

“A reader who quarrels with postulates, who dislikes Hamlet because he does not believe that there are ghosts or that people speak in pentameters, clearly has no business in literature.”

Northrop Frye (1912–1991) Canadian literary critic and literary theorist

Source: "Quotes", Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957), p. 70

Ismail ibn Musa Menk photo

“My beloved brothers and sisters. On the globe, several incidents have occurred that make it necessary for us to speak about them, and guide the Muslims in their regard… It's important for us to know that as Muslims, we don't understand what part of Islam these people [terrorists] are following. In fact, we don't even understand what Islam they are following, because Islam is a totally different religion from what these people are practicing… As frustrated as we might be because of what might be happening on Muslim lands, it does not give us the right to go out and hurt people who are not at all involved… If you have a problem with someone, you may report them to the authorities. And then it will handled by the courts. You will either get justice at the courts or sometimes maybe the courts may find someone that you believe is guilty, innocent. In that case, you leave it for the day of judgment, when Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala will be judge. But you do not take it into your own hands, to say now because the court has found this person innocent, and according to me the person is guilty, "Let me harm them, let me kill them, let me hurt them, let me rob from them". That is absolutely incorrect and it is un-Islamic… Two wrongs do not make a right, remember this… If someone has murdered someone else, Subhan Allah, it does not give us the right to murder a third party altogether. May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala protect us, and may Allah grant us guidance and ease. It's important we understand this. The world is bleeding today, and people are blaming the Muslims! Because from amongst us, some are being brainwashed. Brainwashed by what? They do not understand verses of the Quran. They don't understand the Asbab al-Nuzul, or reasons of the revelation of the verses of the Quran. They don't understand how to extract rules and regulations from verses of the Quran. They read something, someone shows them something and next thing they are prepared to give up their lives. May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala grant us an understanding. We should be giving up our lives striving to earn the pleasure of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala through obedience, through Salah. Look at Muhammad sallā llāhu 'alay-hi wa-sallam when he went to Ta'if, look at his example. They beat him up personally, physically, he was bleeding and the angels came to him to say "If you want, we can crush these people between the mountains". What did he say? He said "I am sent as a mercy. We don't want that to happen. If they don't accept, perhaps their children will accept."”

Ismail ibn Musa Menk (1975) Muslim cleric and Grand Mufti of Zimbabwe.

Patience, Sabr... And we think that the non-Muslims are our enemies – the minute we think that, automatically we will not be able to call them towards Islam. And they will get the wrong image of Islam. My brothers and sisters, Islam, it means peace, it stands for peace, it promotes peace, it teaches peace, and everything that you will achieve is peace. In this world peace, in the next peace, in your grave peace, with your children peace, in your environment peace. That is Islam. Anything that destroys that in any way is not Islam. Remember this.
"Islam Condemns Terrorism - Powerful Reminder - Mufti Ismail Menk" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6O2anxz7CM, YouTube (2015)
Lectures

Felix Adler photo
William Lisle Bowles photo

“Back o'er the deep I turn my longing eyes,
And chide the wayward passions that rebel:
Yet boots it not to think, or to complain,
Musing sad ditties to the reckless main.
To dreams like these, adieu! the pealing bell
Speaks of the hour that stays not—and the day
To life's sad turmoil calls my heart away.”

William Lisle Bowles (1762–1850) English priest, poet and critic

On Landing at Ostend, from The Poetical Works of William Lisle Bowles, Vol. 1 - With Memoir, Critical Dissertation, and Explanatory Notes by George Gilfillan (1855).

Geert Wilders photo
Rémi Brague photo
Henry George photo
Lata Mangeshkar photo
Basava photo

“Though shall not steal nor kill;
Not speak a lie;
Be angry with no one,
Nor scorn another man;
Nor glory in thyself;
Nor others hold you to blame
This is your inward purity;
This is your outward purity;
This is the way to win our Lord:
Kudalasangama”

Basava (1134–1196) a 12th-century Hindu philosopher, statesman, Kannada Bhakti poet of Lingayatism

Quoted in [Chekki, Danesh A. Chekki, Religion and Social System of the Vīraśaiva Community, http://books.google.com/books?id=x7JZMy1qntgC&pg=PA51, 1 January 1997, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-313-30251-0, 51–]

Sam Harris photo
Edward Carpenter photo
Ralph Waldo Emerson photo

“The hearing ear is always found close to the speaking tongue.”

English Traits, Race
Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919)

Theodore Dalrymple photo
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe photo

“One ought, every day at least, to hear a little song, read a good poem, see a fine picture, and, if it were possible, to speak a few reasonable words.”

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) German writer, artist, and politician

Bk. V, Ch. 1
Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre (Apprenticeship) (1786–1830)
Original: (de) Man sollte alle Tage wenigstens ein kleines Lied hören, ein gutes Gedicht lesen, ein treffliches Gemälde sehen und, wenn es möglich zu machen wäre, einige vernünftige Worte sprechen.

Chris Hedges photo
Jacques Derrida photo
Geert Wilders photo

“The realist, then, would seek in behalf of philosophy the same renunciation the same rigour of procedure, that has been achieved in science. This does not mean that he would reduce philosophy to natural or physical science. He recognizes that the philosopher has undertaken certain peculiar problems, and that he must apply himself to these, with whatever method he may find it necessary to employ. It remains the business of the philosopher to attempt a wide synoptic survey of the world, to raise underlying and ulterior questions, and in particular to examine the cognitive and moral processes. And it is quite true that for the present no technique at all comparable with that of the exact sciences is to be expected. But where such technique is attainable, as for example in symbolic logic, the realist welcomes it. And for the rest he limits himself to a more modest aspiration. He hopes that philosophers may come like scientists to speak a common language, to formulate common problems and to appeal to a common realm of fact for their resolution. Above all he desires to get rid of the philosophical monologue, and of the lyric and impressionistic mode of philosophizing. And in all this he is prompted not by the will to destroy but by the hope that philosophy is a kind of knowledge, and neither a song nor a prayer nor a dream. He proposes, therefore, to rely less on inspiration and more on observation and analysis. He conceives his function to be in the last analysis the same as that of the scientist. There is a world out yonder more or less shrouded in darkness, and it is important, if possible, to light it up. But instead of, like the scientist, focussing the mind's rays and throwing this or that portion of the world into brilliant relief, he attempts to bring to light the outlines and contour of the whole, realizing too well that in diffusing so widely what little light he has, he will provide only a very dim illumination.”

Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957) American philosopher

Chap XXV.
The Present Conflict of Ideals: A Study of the Philosophical Background of the World War (1918)

Georg Cantor photo
Isaac Barrow photo
Alexis De Tocqueville photo

“They certainly are not great writers, but they speak their country's language and they make themselves heard.”

Book One, Chapter XIII.
Democracy in America, Volume II (1840), Book One

Isaac Levitan photo

“You probably think that my future landscapes will be soaked in pessimism, so to speak? Don’t worry, I love nature too much.”

Isaac Levitan (1860–1900) Russian artist

Letter to Sergei Diaghilev, quoted on The Arts Desk http://www.theartsdesk.com/visual-arts/theartsdesk-moscow-isaac-levitan-tretyakov-gallery

James Grant Wilson photo

“Poetry, the noble brotherhood who speak in tones of harmony, grandeur & pathos.”

James Grant Wilson (1832–1914) Union Army general

Preface to Poets & Poetry of Scotland Vol 1 , Blackie & Son , Edinburgh 1876

Sören Kierkegaard photo
Winston S. Churchill photo
Fausto Cercignani photo

“They do not speak of boundless skies,
of passing loves like silver clouds.
They speak of cheerless towns, unwound:
on hazy moors of muffled music.”

Fausto Cercignani (1941) Italian scholar, essayist and poet

Adagio (2004)
Examples of self-translation (c. 2004)

Ramakrishna photo
Cormac McCarthy photo

“God don't lie…. And these are his words…. He speaks in stones and trees, the bones of things.”

Source: Blood Meridian (1985), Chapter IX, Judge Holden

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar photo
Noam Chomsky photo
Martin Luther King, Jr. photo
Tomas Kalnoky photo
Horace photo

“It is difficult to speak of the universal specifically.”
Difficile est proprie communia dicere.

Source: Ars Poetica, or The Epistle to the Pisones (c. 18 BC), Line 128

John Stuart Mill photo

“The practical reformer has continually to demand that changes be made in things which are supported by powerful and widely-spread feelings, or to question the apparent necessity and indefeasibleness of established facts; and it is often an indispensable part of his argument to show, how these powerful feelings had their origin, and how those facts came to seem necessary and indefeasible. There is therefore a natural hostility between him and a philosophy which discourages the explanation of feelings and moral facts by circumstances and association, and prefers to treat them as ultimate elements of human nature; a philosophy which is addicted to holding up favorite doctrines as intuitive truths, and deems intuition to be the voice of Nature and of God, speaking with an authority higher than that of our reason. In particular, I have long felt that the prevailing tendency to regard all the marked distinctions of human character as innate, and in the main indelible, and to ignore the irresistible proofs that by far the greater part of those differences, whether between individuals, races, or sexes, are such as not only might but naturally would be produced by differences in circumstances, is one of the chief hindrances to the rational treatment of great social questions, and one of the greatest stumbling blocks to human improvement.”

Source: Autobiography (1873), Ch. 7: General View of the Remainder of My Life (p. 192)

John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester photo
Mary Parker Follett photo
Nigel Farage photo

“You have the charisma of a damp rag, and the appearance of a low-grade bank clerk. And the question that I want to ask, […] that we're all going to ask, is "Who are you?" I'd never heard of you. Nobody in Europe had ever heard of you. I would like to ask you, President, who voted for you, and what mechanism … oh, I know democracy's not popular with you lot, and what mechanism do the people of Europe have to remove you? Is this European democracy? Well, I sense, I sense though that you are competent and capable and dangerous, and I have no doubt in your intention, to be the quiet assassin of European democracy, and of the European nation states. You appear to have a loathing for the very concept of the existence of nation states - perhaps that's because you come from Belgium, which of course is pretty much a non-country. But since you took over, we've seen Greece reduced to nothing more than a protectorate. Sir, you have no legitimacy in this job at all, and I can say with confidence that I speak on behalf of the majority of British people in saying: We don't know you, we don't want you, and the sooner you're put out to grass, the better.”

Nigel Farage (1964) British politician and former commodity broker

Speech in the European Parliament, 24 February 2010 - Ukip's Nigel Farage tells Van Rompuy: You have the charisma of a damp rag http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/25/nigel-farage-herman-van-rompuy-damp-rag, The Guardian, 24 February 2010.
2010

John Maynard Keynes photo

“The study of economics does not seem to require any specialized gifts of an unusually high order. Is it not, intellectually regarded, a very easy subject compared with the higher branches of philosophy and pure science? Yet good, or even competent, economists are the rarest of birds. An easy subject, at which very few excel! The paradox finds its explanation, perhaps, in that the master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not often found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher – in some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man's nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician. Much, but not all, of this many-sidedness Marshall possessed. But chiefly his mixed training and divided nature furnished him with the most essential and fundamental of the economist's necessary gifts – he was conspicuously historian and mathematician, a dealer in the particular and the general, the temporal and the eternal, at the same time.”

John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) British economist

Source: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 170; as cited in: Donald Moggridge (2002), Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography, p. 424

Karl Kraus photo

“I would have stage-fright if I had to speak with every one of the people before whom I speak.”

Karl Kraus (1874–1936) Czech playwright and publicist

Half-Truths and One-And-A-Half Truths (1976)

Edgar Degas photo
Thom Yorke photo

“In pitch dark I go walkin' in your landscape
Broken branches trip me as I speak
Just 'cause you feel it doesn’t mean it’s there”

Thom Yorke (1968) English musician, philanthropist and singer-songwriter

Lyrics, Hail to the Thief (2003)

Carl I. Hagen photo
David Lynch photo

“Speaking in front of a large crowd is not pleasant. Once it gets rolling, it's okay. But beforehand, it's murder. I'm getting a lot better. The first interview I ever did was in 1972, I believe, and I couldn't speak. I couldn't speak one word. I only said, "I painted it black."”

David Lynch (1946) American filmmaker, television director, visual artist, musician and occasional actor

That was my one sentence. And so I have improved.
GreenCine interview (16 November 2005) http://www.greencine.com/article?action=view&articleID=254

Slavoj Žižek photo
Fernand Léger photo

“[a new order].. independent of the values of the feelings, and the description and imitation of nature... The value of technique beauty without artistic intention resides in its organism and can be deducted at the same time by its geometric ambitions. I can therefore speak of a new order: the architecture of the technical world. Since the industrial object belongs to the architectonic order, it is assigned an important role in today's artistic creation.”

Fernand Léger (1881–1955) French painter

Quote from Leger's lecture "The aesthetics of the machine", in Paris, June 1924; as quoted by Paul Westheim in Confessions of Artists. - Letters, Memoirs and Observations of Contemporary Artists; Propyläen Publishing House, Berlin, 1925, p. 324; cited in Review by Francesco Mazzaferro http://letteraturaartistica.blogspot.nl/2016/03/paul-westheim1717.html
Quotes of Fernand Leger, 1920's

Miriam Makeba photo
Ludwig Feuerbach photo

“We have busied ourselves and contented ourselves long enough with speaking and writing; now at last we demand that the word become flesh, the spirit matter; we are as sick of political as we are of philosophical idealism; we are determined to become political materialists.”

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872) German philosopher and anthropologist

Lecture I, Occasion and Context
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)

Tawakkol Karman photo
Georg Brandes photo
James Russell Lowell photo
Johann Gottlieb Fichte photo

““Whether there can be love without esteem?” Oh yes, thou dear, pure one! Love is of many kinds. Rousseau proves that by his reasoning and still better by his example. La pauvre Maman and Madame N____ love in very different fashions. But I believe there are many kinds of love which do not appear in Rousseau’s life. You are very right in saying that no true and enduring love can exist without cordial esteem; that every other draws regret after it, and is unworthy of any noble soul. One word about pietism. Pietists place religion chiefly in externals; in acts of worship performed mechanically, without aim, as bond-service to god; in orthodoxy of opinion; and they have this among other characteristic marks, that they give themselves more solicitude about other’s piety than their own. It is not right to hate these men,-we should hate no one, but to me they are very contemptible, for their character implies the most deplorable emptiness of the head, and the most sorrowful perversion of the heart. Such my dear friend never can be; she cannot become such, even were it possible-which it is not-that her character were perverted; she can never become such, her nature has too much reality in it. You trust in Providence, your anticipation of a future life, are wise, and Christian. I hope, I may venture to speak of myself, that no one will take me to be a pietist or stiff formalist, but I know no feeling more thoroughly interwoven with my soul than these are.”

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814) German philosopher

Johann Fichte Letter to Johanna Rahn from Johann Gottlieb Fichte's popular works: Memoir and The Nature of the Scholar<!--pp. 14-15--> https://archive.org/stream/johanngottlieb00fichuoft#page/14/mode/1up

Joseph Joubert photo
Mohamed Nasheed photo

“If the UK is not in the European Union, there is no way we could speak to countries such as Estonia. As a former British colony, as a former British protectorate, as someone who can speak English, we would not be able to articulate [our positions] or have a conversation. Of course we can have a conversation with Estonia or any other European government but collective decision with the UK at the forefront helps us.”

Mohamed Nasheed (1967) Maldivian politician, 4th president of the Maldives

In an interview with The Telegraph, Mr Nasheed said it was in the "best interests of the Commonwealth" for Britain to remain within the union because of its ability to provide a link between the multinational bodies, quoted on The Telegraph, "Brexit would be damaging for EU-Commonwealth relations, says former Maldives president" http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/maldives/12187682/Brexit-would-be-damaging-for-EU-Commonwealth-relations-says-former-Maldives-president.html, March 9, 2016.