Karol Darwin cytaty
strona 5

Charles Robert Darwin , Karol Darwin – brytyjski przyrodnik i geolog, twórca teorii ewolucji, zgodnie z którą wszystkie gatunki pochodzą od wcześniejszych form, autor publikacji, w których przedstawił argumenty na poparcie swej tezy. Darwin uważał, że rozgałęziony schemat ewolucji wynika z procesu, który nazwał doborem naturalnym. Prawdziwość teorii ewolucji została zaakceptowana przez wielu naukowców przyrodników i dużą część społeczeństwa już za życia Darwina; jednak dopiero po pojawieniu się współczesnej syntezy ewolucji naukowcy powszechnie zgodzili się, że dobór naturalny jest podstawowym mechanizmem ewolucji, a sam proces ciągłych zmian, z których wyłaniają się nowe jakości, niezaprzeczalnym faktem. W swojej zmodyfikowanej formie odkrycia naukowe Darwina są teorią unifikującą nauki o życiu i wyjaśniającą różnorodność biologiczną.

Zainteresowania naukowe Darwina sprawiły, że porzucił on studia w dziedzinie medycyny, w której początkowo kształcił się na Uniwersytecie Edynburskim, i przyłączył się do badań nad bezkręgowcami morskimi. Późniejsze studia na Uniwersytecie w Cambridge wzbudziły w nim fascynację naukami przyrodniczymi. W czasie pięcioletniej podróży na statku HMS Beagle rozwinął też swoją wiedzę geologiczną i zebrał materiały do badań geologicznych. Jego obserwacje i teorie potwierdzały uniformitarystyczne poglądy Charlesa Lyella, a publikacja dziennika z podróży spotkała się z żywym zainteresowaniem czytelników. Zaintrygowany problemami geograficznego rozmieszczenia okazów dzikiej przyrody i skamieniałości, które zebrał podczas podróży, Darwin badał zmiany, jakim ulegały gatunki i w 1838 stworzył teorię doboru naturalnego. Chociaż z wieloma przyrodnikami wymieniał poglądy na temat swoich teorii, dużo czasu poświęcał własnym badaniom, w których koncentrował się na geologii. Swoją teorię spisał w 1858, gdy Alfred Russel Wallace przesłał mu swoją pracę, w której przedstawił poglądy bardzo podobne do jego własnych. Skłoniło go to do szybkiego opublikowania z Wallace’em wspólnej pracy dotyczącej ich teorii pt. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection .

W swej książce O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego Darwin tłumaczył zróżnicowanie występujące w naturze ewolucyjnym dziedziczeniem modyfikacji. Natomiast w dziele The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , której ciągiem dalszym była książka The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , badał ewolucję człowieka i dobór płciowy. Szereg książek poświęcił też badaniom nad roślinami, a w swej ostatniej pracy badał dżdżownice i ich wpływ na glebę.

W uznaniu jego wybitnych osiągnięć Darwinowi po śmierci urządzono państwowy pogrzeb, jako jednemu z pięciu Brytyjczyków w XIX wieku nienależących do rodziny królewskiej. Pochowano go w Opactwie Westminsterskim, obok Johna Herschela i Isaaca Newtona Wikipedia  

✵ 12. Luty 1809 – 19. Kwiecień 1882   •   Natępne imiona Charles Robert Darwin
Karol Darwin Fotografia
Karol Darwin: 198   Cytatów 5   Polubień

Karol Darwin słynne cytaty

„Rozumiem, jak trudno się z tym zgodzić, jestem jednak przekonany, że ewolucja działa bez z góry przyjętego planu.”

Źródło: Michael White i John Gribbin – Darwin. Żywot uczonego

Karol Darwin Cytaty o naturze

„Jeżeli gatunki powstały z innych gatunków przez nieznaczne, stopniowane zmiany, dlaczego nie widzimy wszędzie mnóstwa form przejściowych? Dlaczego cała natura nie stanowi chaosu form, lecz gatunki są, jak widzimy, dokładnie określone?”

zakładał, że wszystkie formy przejściowe już wyginęły.
O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: wyd. PWRiL, Warszawa 1959.

Karol Darwin Cytaty o zwierzętach

„Słoń uchodzi za gatunek rozmnażający się najwolniej ze wszystkich znanych zwierząt.”

O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: wyd. PWRiL, Warszawa 1959.

„Sądzę, iż nikt nie wątpi, że u naszych zwierząt domowych używanie narządów wzmocniło i zwiększyło niektóre części ciała, nieużywanie zaś je zmniejszyło oraz że takie zmiany są dziedziczne.”

O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: przeł. Sz. Dickstein, J. Nusbaum, wyd. Altaya, Warszawa 2001, str. 137.

Karol Darwin cytaty

„Zupełnie nie boję się śmierci.”

ostatnie słowa.

„Uwielbiam głupie eksperymenty, zawsze je wykonuję.”

I love fools' experiments; I am always making them. (ang.)

Karol Darwin: Cytaty po angielsku

“The sight of a feather in a peacock’s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!”

Letter https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-2743.xml to Asa Gray, 3 April 1860
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“A cell is a complex structure, with its investing membrane, nucleus, and nucleolus.”

"Pangenesis -- Mr. Darwin's Reply to Professor Delpino" Scientific Opinion (20 October 1869) page 426 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1748b&viewtype=image
Detractors sometimes claim Darwin thought that the cell was an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm. This quote proves otherwise.
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“As it is certain that worms swallow many little stones, independently of those swallowed while excavating their burrows, it is probable that they serve, like mill-stones, to triturate their food.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 18. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=33&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“… cell of a tentacle, showing the various forms successively assumed by the aggregated masses of protoplasm.”

Charles Darwin książka Insectivorous Plants

Detractors sometimes claim Darwin thought that the cell was an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm. Anyone reading the passage above will realize that Darwin thought no such thing.
Źródło: Insectivorous Plants (1875), chapter III: "Aggregation of the Protoplasm within the Cells of the Tentacles", page 40 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=55&itemID=F1217&viewtype=image

“Mere chance … alone would never account for so habitual and large an amount of difference as that between varieties of the same species.”

Charles Darwin książka On the Origin of Species (1859)

Źródło: On the Origin of Species (1859), chapter IV: "Natural Selection", page 111 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=126&itemID=F373&viewtype=image

“In the year 1837, a short paper was read by me before the Geological Society of London, "On the Formation of Mould," in which it was shown that small fragments of burnt marl, cinders, &c., which had been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows, were found after a few years lying at the depth of some inches beneath the turf, but still forming a layer.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Introduction, p. 3. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=18&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881)
Źródło: 'Transactions Geolog. Soc.' vol. v. p. 505. Read November 1, 1837.

“I often find myself going back to Darwin's saying about the duration of a man's friendships being one of the best measures of his worth.”

from Records of Tennyson, Ruskin, Browning by Anne Thackeray Ritchie http://www.victorianweb.org/books/aplin.html (Harper and Brothers, New York, 1893) page 170
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“The western nations of Europe, who now so immeasurably surpass their former savage progenitors, and stand at the summit of civilisation, owe little or none of their superiority to direct inheritance from the old Greeks, though they owe much to the written works of that wonderful people.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter V: "On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties during Primeval and Civilised Times" (second edition, 1874) page 141 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=164&itemID=F944&viewtype=image
The Descent of Man (1871)

“[blind_man] A mathematician is a blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat which isn't there.”

This is attributed, with an expression of doubt as to its correctness, in Mathematics, Our Great Heritage: Essays on the Nature and Cultural Significance of Mathematics (1948) by William Leonard Schaaf, p. 163; also attributed in Pi in the Sky : Counting, Thinking and Being (1992) by John D. Barrow. There are a number of similar expressions to this with various attributions, but the earliest published variants seem to be quotations of Lord Bowen:
When I hear of an 'equity' in a case like this, I am reminded of a blind man in a dark room — looking for a black hat — which isn't there.
Lord Bowen, as quoted in "Pie Powder", Being Dust from the Law Courts, Collected and Recollected on the Western Circuit, by a Circuit Tramp (1911) by John Alderson Foote; this seems to be the earliest account of any similar expression. It is mentioned by the author that this expression has become misquoted as a "black cat" rather than "black hat."
An earlier example with "hat" as a learned judge is said to have defined the metaphysician, namely, as a blind man looking for a black hat in a dark room, the hat in question not being there Edinburgh Medical Journal, Volume 3 (1898)
With his obscure and uncertain speculations as to the intimate nature and causes of things, the philosopher is likened to a 'blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat that is not there.'
William James, himself apparently quoting someone else's expression, in Some Problems of Philosophy : A Beginning of an Introduction to Philosophy (1911) Ch. 1 : Philosophy and its Critics
A blind man in a dark room seeking for a black cat — which is not there.
A definition of metaphysics attributed to Lord Bowen, as quoted in Science from an Easy Chair (1913) by Edwin Ray Lankester, p. 99
A blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat which isn't there.
A definition of metaphysics attributed to Lord Balfour, as quoted in God in Our Work: Religious Addresses (1949) by Richard Stafford Cripps, p. 72
A philosopher is a blind man in a dark room looking for a black cat that isn't there. A theologian is the man who finds it.
H. L. Mencken, as quoted in Peter's Quotations : Ideas for Our Time (1977) by Laurence J. Peter, p. 427
A metaphysician is like a blind man in a dark room, looking for a black cat — which isn't there.
Variant published in Smiles and Chuckles (1952) by B. Hagspiel
Misattributed

“Animals whom we have made our slaves we do not like to consider our equals. — Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind? — animals with affections, imitation, fear of death, pain, sorrow for the dead.”

respect.
" Notebook B http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_notebooks.html" (1837-1838) page 231 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=233&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&viewtype=side
quoted in [2009, Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution, Adrian Desmond & James Moore, New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 9780547055268, 23042290M, 115, http://books.google.com/books?id=V9cGkBj_8iYC&pg=PA115&dq="Animals+whom+we+have+made+our+slaves"]
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“All animals feel Wonder, and many exhibit Curiosity. They sometimes suffer from this latter quality, as when the hunter plays antics and thus attracts them.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter II: "Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals", page 42 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=55&itemID=F937.1&viewtype=image
The Descent of Man (1871)

“A republic cannot succeed, till it contains a certain body of men imbued with the principles of justice and honour.”

Charles Darwin książka The Voyage of the Beagle

Źródło: The Voyage of the Beagle (1839), chapter VII: "Excursion to St. Fe, etc.", entry for 18-19 October 1833, page 165 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=F11&pageseq=184

“Law of Battle. — With savages, for instance the Australians, the women are the constant cause of war both between members of the same tribe and between distinct tribes. So no doubt it was in ancient times; "nam fuit ante Helenam mulier teterrima belli causa." With some of the North American Indians, the contest is reduced to a system. … With the Guanas of South America, Azara states that the men rarely marry till twenty years old or more, as before that age they cannot conquer their rivals.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

second edition (1874), chapter XIX: "Secondary Sexual Characters of Man", pages 561-562 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=584&itemID=F944&viewtype=image
Darwin quoted Horace in Latin: "For even before Helen (of Troy) a woman was a most hideous cause of war"
The Descent of Man (1871)

“I have rarely read anything which has interested me more, though I have not read as yet more than a quarter of the book proper. From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle.”

volume III, chapter VI: "Miscellanea", page 252 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=264&itemID=F1452.3&viewtype=image; letter to William Ogle (22 February 1882)
Ogle had translated Aristotle's Parts of Animals and sent Darwin a copy.
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

“With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilised men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilised societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.

The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil. We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind; but there appears to be at least one check in steady action, namely that the weaker and inferior members of society do not marry so freely as the sound; and this check might be indefinitely increased by the weak in body or mind refraining from marriage, though this is more to be hoped for than expected.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter V: "On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties during Primeval and Civilised Times" (second edition, 1874) pages 133-134 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=156&itemID=F944&viewtype=image
The last sentence of the first paragraph is often quoted in isolation to make Darwin seem heartless.
The Descent of Man (1871)

“How I wish I had not expressed my theory of evolution as I have done.”

Claimed http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A668&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 by the evangelist Lady Hope; Reported in [They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, & Misleading Attributions, 1989, Paul F., Jr., Boller, John, George, Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford, isbn - 978-0195064698, 88022115, [PN6081.B635 1989], 19] Darwin's daughter Henrietta refuted the claim, stating "I was present at his deathbed. Lady Hope was not present during his last illness, or any illness. I believe he never even saw her, but in any case she had no influence over him in any department of thought or belief. He never recanted any of his scientific views, either then or earlier. We think the story of his conversion was fabricated in the U.S.A. The whole story has no foundation whatever."
Misattributed

“I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic.”

volume I, chapter VIII: "Religion", page 313 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=331&itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=image
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

“As I was led to keep in my study during many months worms in pots filled with earth, I became interested in them, and wished to learn how far they acted consciously, and how much mental power they displayed.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Introduction, p. 2-3. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=17&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881)

“There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”

Charles Darwin książka On the Origin of Species (1859)

Źródło: On the Origin of Species (1859), chapter XIV: "Recapitulation and Conclusion", page 490 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=508&itemID=F373&viewtype=image
Close of the first edition (1859). Only use of the term "evolve" or "evolution" in the first edition.
In the second http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=508&itemID=F376&viewtype=image (1860) through sixth (1872) editions, Darwin added the phrase "by the Creator" to read:

“When the principles of breeding and of inheritance are better understood, we shall not hear ignorant members of our legislature rejecting with scorn a plan for ascertaining by an easy method whether or not consanguineous marriages are injurious to man.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume II, chapter XXI: "General Summary and Conclusion", page 403 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=420&itemID=F937.2&viewtype=image
The Descent of Man (1871)

“It may be presumed that all animals which feed on various substances possess the sense of taste, and this is certainly the case with worms.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 32. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=47&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

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