Karol Darwin cytaty
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Charles Robert Darwin , Karol Darwin – brytyjski przyrodnik i geolog, twórca teorii ewolucji, zgodnie z którą wszystkie gatunki pochodzą od wcześniejszych form, autor publikacji, w których przedstawił argumenty na poparcie swej tezy. Darwin uważał, że rozgałęziony schemat ewolucji wynika z procesu, który nazwał doborem naturalnym. Prawdziwość teorii ewolucji została zaakceptowana przez wielu naukowców przyrodników i dużą część społeczeństwa już za życia Darwina; jednak dopiero po pojawieniu się współczesnej syntezy ewolucji naukowcy powszechnie zgodzili się, że dobór naturalny jest podstawowym mechanizmem ewolucji, a sam proces ciągłych zmian, z których wyłaniają się nowe jakości, niezaprzeczalnym faktem. W swojej zmodyfikowanej formie odkrycia naukowe Darwina są teorią unifikującą nauki o życiu i wyjaśniającą różnorodność biologiczną.

Zainteresowania naukowe Darwina sprawiły, że porzucił on studia w dziedzinie medycyny, w której początkowo kształcił się na Uniwersytecie Edynburskim, i przyłączył się do badań nad bezkręgowcami morskimi. Późniejsze studia na Uniwersytecie w Cambridge wzbudziły w nim fascynację naukami przyrodniczymi. W czasie pięcioletniej podróży na statku HMS Beagle rozwinął też swoją wiedzę geologiczną i zebrał materiały do badań geologicznych. Jego obserwacje i teorie potwierdzały uniformitarystyczne poglądy Charlesa Lyella, a publikacja dziennika z podróży spotkała się z żywym zainteresowaniem czytelników. Zaintrygowany problemami geograficznego rozmieszczenia okazów dzikiej przyrody i skamieniałości, które zebrał podczas podróży, Darwin badał zmiany, jakim ulegały gatunki i w 1838 stworzył teorię doboru naturalnego. Chociaż z wieloma przyrodnikami wymieniał poglądy na temat swoich teorii, dużo czasu poświęcał własnym badaniom, w których koncentrował się na geologii. Swoją teorię spisał w 1858, gdy Alfred Russel Wallace przesłał mu swoją pracę, w której przedstawił poglądy bardzo podobne do jego własnych. Skłoniło go to do szybkiego opublikowania z Wallace’em wspólnej pracy dotyczącej ich teorii pt. On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection .

W swej książce O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego Darwin tłumaczył zróżnicowanie występujące w naturze ewolucyjnym dziedziczeniem modyfikacji. Natomiast w dziele The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , której ciągiem dalszym była książka The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , badał ewolucję człowieka i dobór płciowy. Szereg książek poświęcił też badaniom nad roślinami, a w swej ostatniej pracy badał dżdżownice i ich wpływ na glebę.

W uznaniu jego wybitnych osiągnięć Darwinowi po śmierci urządzono państwowy pogrzeb, jako jednemu z pięciu Brytyjczyków w XIX wieku nienależących do rodziny królewskiej. Pochowano go w Opactwie Westminsterskim, obok Johna Herschela i Isaaca Newtona Wikipedia  

✵ 12. Luty 1809 – 19. Kwiecień 1882   •   Natępne imiona Charles Robert Darwin
Karol Darwin Fotografia
Karol Darwin: 198   Cytatów 5   Polubień

Karol Darwin słynne cytaty

„Rozumiem, jak trudno się z tym zgodzić, jestem jednak przekonany, że ewolucja działa bez z góry przyjętego planu.”

Źródło: Michael White i John Gribbin – Darwin. Żywot uczonego

Karol Darwin Cytaty o naturze

„Jeżeli gatunki powstały z innych gatunków przez nieznaczne, stopniowane zmiany, dlaczego nie widzimy wszędzie mnóstwa form przejściowych? Dlaczego cała natura nie stanowi chaosu form, lecz gatunki są, jak widzimy, dokładnie określone?”

zakładał, że wszystkie formy przejściowe już wyginęły.
O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: wyd. PWRiL, Warszawa 1959.

Karol Darwin Cytaty o zwierzętach

„Słoń uchodzi za gatunek rozmnażający się najwolniej ze wszystkich znanych zwierząt.”

O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: wyd. PWRiL, Warszawa 1959.

„Sądzę, iż nikt nie wątpi, że u naszych zwierząt domowych używanie narządów wzmocniło i zwiększyło niektóre części ciała, nieużywanie zaś je zmniejszyło oraz że takie zmiany są dziedziczne.”

O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego (1859)
Źródło: przeł. Sz. Dickstein, J. Nusbaum, wyd. Altaya, Warszawa 2001, str. 137.

Karol Darwin cytaty

„Zupełnie nie boję się śmierci.”

ostatnie słowa.

„Uwielbiam głupie eksperymenty, zawsze je wykonuję.”

I love fools' experiments; I am always making them. (ang.)

Karol Darwin: Cytaty po angielsku

“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, convinced by general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks incessantly occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined, others less so in various degrees; as between the orang and its nearest allies—between the Tarsius and the other Lemuridæ—between the elephant and in a more striking manner between the Ornithorhynchus or Echidna, and other mammals. But all these breaks depend merely on the number of related forms which have become extinct. At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace throughout the world the savage races. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. The break will then be rendered wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilised state, as we may hope, than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as at present between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter VI: "On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man", pages 200-201 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=213&itemID=F937.1&viewtype=image
The sentence "At some future period … the savage races" is often quoted out of context to suggest that Darwin desired this outcome, whereas in fact Darwin simply held that it would occur.
The Descent of Man (1871)

“I love fools' experiments. I am always making them.”

recollection http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F2113&viewtype=text&pageseq=7 by E. Ray Lankester, from his essay "Charles Robert Darwin" in C.D. Warner, editor, Library of the World's Best Literature: Ancient and Modern (R.S. Peale & J.A. Hill, New York, 1896) volume 2, pages 4835-4393, at page 4391
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“As for a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting vague probabilities.”

volume I, chapter VIII: "Religion", page 307 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=325&itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=image; letter to an unidentified German student (1879)
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

“I think it can be shown that there is such an unerring power at work in Natural Selection (the title of my book), which selects exclusively for the good of each organic being.”

Darwin's first published expression of the concept of natural selection.
"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London: Zoology (read 1 July 1853; published 20 August 1858) volume 3, pages 45-62, at page 51 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=7&itemID=F350&viewtype=image
Other letters, notebooks, journal articles, recollected statements

“The subject may appear an insignificant one, but we shall see that it possesses some interest; and the maxim "de minimis lex non curat," does not apply to science.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Introduction, p. 2. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=17&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image
de minimis non curat lex - The law does not concern itself with trifles.
The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881)

“We will now discuss in a little more detail the struggle for existence.”

Charles Darwin książka On the Origin of Species (1859)

Compare: "this perpetual struggle for room and food", The Reverend Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) section III.7 http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop2.html#III.7.
Źródło: On the Origin of Species (1859), chapter III: "Struggle For Existence", page 62 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=77&itemID=F373&viewtype=image

“With respect to the function of the calciferous glands, it is probable that they primarily serve as organs of excretion, and secondarily as an aid to digestion.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 49. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=64&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“The comparison here implied between the actions of one of the higher animals and of one so low in the scale as an earth-worm, may appear far-fetched; for we thus attribute to the worm attention and some mental power, nevertheless I can see no reason to doubt the justice of the comparison.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, pp. 24-25. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=39&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“I should premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny.”

Charles Darwin książka On the Origin of Species (1859)

Źródło: On the Origin of Species (1859), chapter III: "Struggle For Existence", page 62 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=77&itemID=F373&viewtype=image

“Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one. It was usually worst in the early morning, and with his eagle eye he could generally detect something amiss about the ship, and was then unsparing in his blame. He was very kind to me, but was a man very difficult to live with on the intimate terms which necessarily followed from our messing by ourselves in the same cabin. We had several quarrels; for instance, early in the voyage at Bahia, in Brazil, he defended and praised slavery, which I abominated, and told me that he had just visited a great slave-owner, who had called up many of his slaves and asked them whether they were happy, and whether they wished to be free, and all answered "No." I then asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he thought that the answer of slaves in the presence of their master was worth anything? This made him excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his word we could not live any longer together. I thought that I should have been compelled to leave the ship; but as soon as the news spread, which it did quickly, as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all the gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy showed his usual magnanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology and a request that I would continue to live with him.”

volume I, chapter II: "Autobiography", pages 60-61 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=78&itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=image
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

“Earth-worms abound in England in many different stations. Their castings may be seen in extraordinary numbers on commons and chalk-downs, so as almost to cover the whole surface, where the soil is poor and the grass short and thin.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 9. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=24&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“My object in this chapter is solely to shew that there is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter II: "Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals", page 35 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=48&itemID=F937.1&viewtype=image
The Descent of Man (1871)

“It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant.”

Charles Darwin książka The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

volume I, chapter VII: "On the Races of Man", page 225 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=238&itemID=F937.1&viewtype=image
The Descent of Man (1871)

“When a worm is suddenly illuminated and dashes like a rabbit into its burrow—to use the expression employed by a friend—we are at first led to look at the action as a reflex one.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 23. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=38&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“I have attempted to write the following account of myself, as if I were a dead man in another world looking back at my own life. Nor have I found this difficult, for life is nearly over with me. I have taken no pains about my style of writing.”

volume I, chapter II: "Autobiography", page 27 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=45&itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=image
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

“M. Perrier found that their exposure to the dry air of a room for only a single night was fatal to them. On the other hand he kept several large worms alive for nearly four months, completely submerged in water.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, pp. 12-13 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=27&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image.

“Every morning during certain seasons of the year, the thrushes and blackbirds on all the lawns throughout the country draw out of their holes an astonishing number of worms; and this they could not do, unless they lay close to the surface.”

Charles Darwin książka The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Źródło: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881), Chapter 1: Habits of Worms, p. 16. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=31&itemID=F1357&viewtype=image

“I assume that cells, before their conversion into completely passive or "formed material," throw off minute granules or atoms, which circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division, subsequently becoming developed into cells like those from which they were derived. These granules for the sake of distinctness may be called … gemmules. They are supposed to be transmitted from the parents to the offspring, and are generally developed in the generation which immediately succeeds, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. Their development is supposed to depend on their union with other partially developed cells or gemmules which precede them in the regular course of growth. … Lastly, I assume that the gemmules in their dormant state have a mutual affinity for each other, leading to their aggregation either into buds or into the sexual elements. … These assumptions constitute the provisional hypothesis which I have called Pangenesis.”

Charles Darwin książka The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication

volume II, chapter XXVII: "Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis", page 374 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=389&itemID=F877.2&viewtype=image
It is sometimes claimed that modern biologist are dogmatic "Darwinists" who uncritically accept all of Darwin's ideas. This is false: No one today accepts Darwin's hypothesis of gemmules and pangenesis.
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868)

“I hate a Barnacle as no man ever did before, not even a Sailor in a slow-sailing ship.”

volume I, chapter IX: "Life at Down", page 385 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=405&itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=image; letter http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1489 to William Darwin Fox (24 October 1852)
quoted in At Home: A Short History of Private Life (2011) by Bill Bryson
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887)

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