Aristote citations

Page 7

“Exercer librement son talent, voilà le vrai bonheur.”

“Il n'y a point de génie sans un grain de folie.”

“Le bonheur est à ceux qui se suffisent à eux-mêmes.”

“Tous les arts, toutes les recherches méthodiques de l'esprit, aussi bien que tous nos actes et toutes nos décisions réfléchies semblent toujours avoir en vue quelque bien que nous désirons atteindre; et c'est là ce qui fait qu'on a parfaitement défini le bien quand on a dit qu'il est l'objet de tous les vœux.”

“Tous les travaux rémunérés absorbent et amoindrissent l'esprit.”

“À l'origine, c'est l'étonnement et l'admiration qui conduisirent les hommes à la philosophie.”

“La multitude, dont aucun membre n'est un homme vertueux, peut cependant, par l'union de tous, être meilleure que l'élite.”

“L'épopée va de pair avec la tragédie en tant qu'elle est une imitation, à l'aide du mètre, d'hommes de haute valeur morale, mais elle en diffère en tant qu'elle emploie un mètre uniforme et qu'elle est un récit.”

“C'est la même différence qui distingue la tragédie et la comédie : celle-ci veut représenter les hommes inférieurs, celle-là veut les représenter supérieurs aux hommes de la réalité.”

“[…] la plaisanterie de l’homme libre ne ressemble point à celle de l’esclave, pas plus que celle de l’homme bien élevé ne ressemble à celle de l’homme sans éducation.”

“[…] la vertu est ce qui nous dispose à l’égard des peines et des plaisirs, de telle façon que notre conduite soit la meilleure possible; le vice est précisément le contraire.”

“Aimer, c'est vouloir du bien à quelqu'un.”

“Mais se poser à soi-même des questions et s'étonner des phénomènes, c'est déjà savoir qu'on les ignore; et voilà comment c'est être encore ami de la sagesse, c'est être philosophe que d'aimer les fables, puisque [la fable, ou] le mythe, ne se compose que d'éléments merveilleux et surprenants.”

“On doit considérer Les Topiques comme une œuvre de la jeunesse d’Aristote. […] Contrairement à l’opinion de beaucoup d’interprètes anciens, la logique du probable n’est donc pas un complément de la logique du nécessaire; elle n’est pas une seconde logique s’appliquant à un domaine où la vérité scientifique ne saurait être atteinte. Elle apparait plutôt comme une sorte d’exercice préparatoire à la théorie de la démonstration et de la science…”

“[…]Et pourtant? Cette obsession de la réduction en parcelles présumées simples, de la séparation, de la décomposition en longues chaines de raison toutes simples, qui semble caractériser toutes les manifestations de la science moderne, ne nous incite-t-elle pas à former nos jugement par une myopie.. déraisonnable?”

“[…] l’individu est son propre ami plus étroitement que qui que ce soit; et c’est lui-même surtout qu’il devrait aimer.”

“[…] les vertus ne sont pas en nous par l’action seule de la nature, et elles n’y sont pas d’avantage contre le vœu de la nature; mais la nature nous en a rendus susceptibles, et c’est l’habitude qui les développe et les achève en nous.”

“De celui qui a la faculté de participer au pouvoir délibératif ou judiciaire, nous disons qu'il est citoyen de la cité concernée, et nous appelons, en bref, cité l'ensemble de de cette sorte quand il est suffisant pour vivre en autarcie.”

“[…] en un certain sens, la lumière, elle aussi, convertit les couleurs en puissance, en couleurs en acte.”

“Il est manifeste, à partir de cela, que la cité fait partie des choses naturelles, et que l'homme est par nature un animal politique, et que celui qui est hors cité, naturellement bien sûr et non par le hasard , est soit un être dégradé, soit un être surhumain, et il est comme celui qui est injurié par Homère, « sans lignages, sans loi, sans foyer ». Car un tel homme est du même coup naturellement passionné de guerre, étant comme un pion isolé au jeu de trictrac. C'est pourquoi il est évident que l'homme est un animal politique plus que n'importe quelle abeille et que n'importe quel animal grégaire.|précisions”

“Le bonheur, avons-nous dit, est une certaine activité de l’âme conforme à la vertu.”

“Aussi, dans la démocratie, les pauvres sont-ils souverains à l'exclusion des riches, parce qu'ils sont les plus nombreux, et que l'avis de la majorité fait loi. Voilà donc un des caractères distinctifs de la liberté; et les partisans de la démocratie ne manquent pas d'en faire une condition indispensable de l'État.”

“The good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes a good man.”

“But voice is a certain sound of that which is animated; for nothing inanimate emits a voice; but they are said to emit a voice from similitude, as a pipe, and a lyre, and such other inanimate things, have extension, modulation, and dialect; for thus it appears, because voice, also, has these.”

“Change in all things is sweet.”

“May not we then confidently pronounce that man happy who realizes complete goodness in action, and is adequately furnished with external goods? Or should we add, that he must also be destined to go on living not for any casual period but throughout a complete lifetime in the same manner, and to die accordingly, because the future is hidden from us, and we conceive happiness as an end, something utterly and absolutely final and complete? If this is so, we shall pronounce those of the living who possess and are destined to go on possessing the good things we have specified to be supremely blessed, though on the human scale of bliss.”

“The young have exalted notions, because they have not been humbled by life or learned its necessary limitations; moreover, their hopeful disposition makes them think themselves equal to great things—and that means having exalted notions. They would always rather do noble deeds than useful ones: Their lives are regulated more by moral feeling than by reasoning…. All their mistakes are in the direction of doing things excessively and vehemently. They overdo everything; they love too much, hate too much, and the same with everything else.”

“The bodies of which the world is composed are solids, and therefore have three dimensions. Now, three is the most perfect number,—it is the first of numbers, for of one we do not speak as a number, of two we say both, but three is the first number of which we say all.”

“But for those that are equal to have an unequal share and those that are alike an unlike share is contrary to nature, and nothing contrary to nature is noble.”

“Poetry demands a man with a special gift for it, or else one with a touch of madness in him.”

“The essential nature (concerning the soul) cannot be corporeal, yet it is also clear that this soul is present in a particular bodily part, and this one of the parts having control over the rest”

“Those who assert that the mathematical sciences say nothing of the beautiful or the good are in error. For these sciences say and prove a great deal about them; if they do not expressly mention them, but prove attributes which are their results or definitions, it is not true that they tell us nothing about them. The chief forms of beauty are order and symmetry and definiteness, which the mathematical sciences demonstrate in a special degree.”

“Even trifles are most important when they concern the rulers, as was the case of old at Syracuse; for the Syracusan constitution was once changed by a love-quarrel of two young men, who were in the government. The story is that while one of them was away from home his beloved was gained over by his companion, and he to revenge himself seduced the other's wife. They then drew the members of the ruling class into their quarrel and so split all the people into portions. We learn from this story that we should be on our guard against the beginnings of such evils, and should put an end to the quarrels of chiefs and mighty men. The mistake lies in the beginning — as the proverb says — 'Well begun is half done'; so an error at the beginning, though quite small, bears the same ratio to the errors in the other parts.”

“We may assume the superiority ceteris paribus [all things being equal] of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses—in short from fewer premisses; for… given that all these are equally well known, where they are fewer knowledge will be more speedily acquired, and that is a desideratum. The argument implied in our contention that demonstration from fewer assumptions is superior may be set out in universal form…”

“It is not necessary to ask whether soul and body are one, just as it is not necessary to ask whether the wax and its shape are one, nor generally whether the matter of each thing and that of which it is the matter are one. For even if one and being are spoken of in several ways, what is properly so spoken of is the actuality.”

“It is necessary that every thing which is harmonized, should be generated from that which is void of harmony, and that which is void of harmony from that which is harmonized. …But there is no difference, whether this is asserted of harmony, or of order, or composition… the same reason will apply to all of these.”

“Men … are easily induced to believe that in some wonderful manner everybody will become everybody's friend, especially when some one is heard denouncing the evils now existing in states, suits about contracts, convictions for perjury, flatteries of rich men and the like, which are said to arise out of the possession of private property. These evils, however, are due to a very different cause — the wickedness of human nature.”

“If there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake, clearly this must be the good. Will not knowledge of it, then, have a great influence on life? Shall we not, like archers who have a mark to aim at, be more likely to hit upon what we should? If so, we must try, in outline at least, to determine what it is.”

“We must as second best, as people say, take the least of the evils.”

“Plato… introduces two infinities, because both in increase and diminution there appears to be transcendency, and a progression to infinity. Though… he did not use them: for neither is there infinity in numbers by diminution or division; since unity is a minimum: nor by increase; for he extends number as far as to the decad.”

“[T]hey pronounce absurdly who thus speak, as the Pythagoreans assert: for at the same time they make the infinite to be essence, and distribute it into parts.”

“According to one mode… nature is thus denominated, viz. the first subject matter to every thing which contains in itself the principle of motion and mutation. But after another mode it is denominated form, which subsists according to definition: for as art is called that which subsists according to art, and that which is artificial; so likewise nature is both called that which is according to nature, and that which is natural. …that which is composed from these is not nature, but consists from nature; as, for instance, man. And this is nature in a greater degree than matter: for every thing is then said to be, when it is form in energy… entelecheia, rather than when it is incapacity.”

“That body is heavier than another which, in an equal bulk, moves downward quicker.”

“A tyrant must put on the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion. Subjects are less apprehensive of illegal treatment from a ruler whom they consider god-fearing and pious. On the other hand, they do less easily move against him, believing that he has the gods on his side.”

“Just as it sometimes happens that deformed offspring are produced by deformed parents, and sometimes not, so the offspring produced by a female are sometimes female, sometimes not, but male, because the female is as it were a deformed male.”

“A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end.”

“After these matters we ought perhaps next to discuss pleasure. For it is thought to be most intimately connected with our human nature, which is the reason why in educating the young we steer them by the rudders of pleasure and pain; it is thought, too, that to enjoy the things we ought and to hate the things we ought has the greatest bearing on virtue of character. For these things extend right through life, with a weight and power of their own in respect both to virtue and to the happy life, since men choose what is pleasant and avoid what is painful; and such things, it will be thought, we should least of all omit to discuss, especially since they admit of much dispute.”

“But it is better to assume principles less in number and finite, as Empedocles makes them to be. All philosophers… make principles to be contraries… (for Parmenides makes principles to be hot and cold, and these he demominates fire and earth) as those who introduce as principles the rare and the dense. But Democritus makes the principles to be the solid and the void; of which the former, he says, has the relation of being, and the latter of non-being. …it is necessary that principles should be neither produced from each other, nor from other things; and that from these all things should be generated. But these requisites are inherent in the first contraries: for, because they are first, they are not from other things; and because they are contraries, they are not from each other.”

“[T]he infinite is in capacity. That, however, which is infinite in capacity is not to be assumed as that which is infinite in energy. …[I]t has its being in capacity, and in division and diminution. …[I]t is always possible to assume something beyond it. It does not, however, on this account surpass every definite magnitude; as in division it surpasses every definite magnitude, and will be less.”

“Since the science of nature is conversant with magnitudes, motion, and time, each of which must necessarily be either infinite or finite…[we] should speculate the infinite, and consider whether it is or not; and if it is what it is. …[A]ll those who appear to have touched on a philosophy of this kind… consider it as a certain principle of beings. Some, indeed, as the Pythagoreans and Plato, consider it, per se, not as being an accident to any thing else, but as having an essential subsistence… the Pythagoreans… consider the infinite as subsisting in sensibles; for they do not make number to be separate; and they assert that what is beyond the heavens is infinite; but Plato says that beyond the heavens there is not any body, nor ideas, because these are no where: he affirms, however, that the infinite is both in sensibles, and in ideas. …Plato establishes two infinities, viz. the great and the small.”

“Let us then enunciate the functions of a state and we shall easily elicit what we want: First there must be food; secondly, arts, for life requires many instruments; thirdly, there must be arms, for the members of a community have need of them, and in their own hands, too, in order to maintain authority both against disobedient subjects and against external assailants….”