Aristote citations

Page 6

“Exercer librement son talent, voilà le vrai bonheur.”

“Il n'y a point de génie sans un grain de folie.”

“Le bonheur est à ceux qui se suffisent à eux-mêmes.”

“Tous les arts, toutes les recherches méthodiques de l'esprit, aussi bien que tous nos actes et toutes nos décisions réfléchies semblent toujours avoir en vue quelque bien que nous désirons atteindre; et c'est là ce qui fait qu'on a parfaitement défini le bien quand on a dit qu'il est l'objet de tous les vœux.”

“Tous les travaux rémunérés absorbent et amoindrissent l'esprit.”

“À l'origine, c'est l'étonnement et l'admiration qui conduisirent les hommes à la philosophie.”

“La multitude, dont aucun membre n'est un homme vertueux, peut cependant, par l'union de tous, être meilleure que l'élite.”

“L'épopée va de pair avec la tragédie en tant qu'elle est une imitation, à l'aide du mètre, d'hommes de haute valeur morale, mais elle en diffère en tant qu'elle emploie un mètre uniforme et qu'elle est un récit.”

“C'est la même différence qui distingue la tragédie et la comédie : celle-ci veut représenter les hommes inférieurs, celle-là veut les représenter supérieurs aux hommes de la réalité.”

“[…] la plaisanterie de l’homme libre ne ressemble point à celle de l’esclave, pas plus que celle de l’homme bien élevé ne ressemble à celle de l’homme sans éducation.”

“[…] la vertu est ce qui nous dispose à l’égard des peines et des plaisirs, de telle façon que notre conduite soit la meilleure possible; le vice est précisément le contraire.”

“Aimer, c'est vouloir du bien à quelqu'un.”

“Mais se poser à soi-même des questions et s'étonner des phénomènes, c'est déjà savoir qu'on les ignore; et voilà comment c'est être encore ami de la sagesse, c'est être philosophe que d'aimer les fables, puisque [la fable, ou] le mythe, ne se compose que d'éléments merveilleux et surprenants.”

“On doit considérer Les Topiques comme une œuvre de la jeunesse d’Aristote. […] Contrairement à l’opinion de beaucoup d’interprètes anciens, la logique du probable n’est donc pas un complément de la logique du nécessaire; elle n’est pas une seconde logique s’appliquant à un domaine où la vérité scientifique ne saurait être atteinte. Elle apparait plutôt comme une sorte d’exercice préparatoire à la théorie de la démonstration et de la science…”

“[…]Et pourtant? Cette obsession de la réduction en parcelles présumées simples, de la séparation, de la décomposition en longues chaines de raison toutes simples, qui semble caractériser toutes les manifestations de la science moderne, ne nous incite-t-elle pas à former nos jugement par une myopie.. déraisonnable?”

“[…] l’individu est son propre ami plus étroitement que qui que ce soit; et c’est lui-même surtout qu’il devrait aimer.”

“[…] les vertus ne sont pas en nous par l’action seule de la nature, et elles n’y sont pas d’avantage contre le vœu de la nature; mais la nature nous en a rendus susceptibles, et c’est l’habitude qui les développe et les achève en nous.”

“De celui qui a la faculté de participer au pouvoir délibératif ou judiciaire, nous disons qu'il est citoyen de la cité concernée, et nous appelons, en bref, cité l'ensemble de de cette sorte quand il est suffisant pour vivre en autarcie.”

“[…] en un certain sens, la lumière, elle aussi, convertit les couleurs en puissance, en couleurs en acte.”

“Il est manifeste, à partir de cela, que la cité fait partie des choses naturelles, et que l'homme est par nature un animal politique, et que celui qui est hors cité, naturellement bien sûr et non par le hasard , est soit un être dégradé, soit un être surhumain, et il est comme celui qui est injurié par Homère, « sans lignages, sans loi, sans foyer ». Car un tel homme est du même coup naturellement passionné de guerre, étant comme un pion isolé au jeu de trictrac. C'est pourquoi il est évident que l'homme est un animal politique plus que n'importe quelle abeille et que n'importe quel animal grégaire.|précisions”

“Le bonheur, avons-nous dit, est une certaine activité de l’âme conforme à la vertu.”

“Aussi, dans la démocratie, les pauvres sont-ils souverains à l'exclusion des riches, parce qu'ils sont les plus nombreux, et que l'avis de la majorité fait loi. Voilà donc un des caractères distinctifs de la liberté; et les partisans de la démocratie ne manquent pas d'en faire une condition indispensable de l'État.”

“Humour is the only test of gravity, and gravity of humour. For a subject which would not bear raillery is suspicious; and a jest which would not bear a serious examination is certainly false wit.”

“Since… nature is a principle of motion and mutation… it is necessary that we should not be ignorant of what motion is… But motion appears to belong to things continuous; and the infinite first presents itself to the view in that which is continuous. …[F]requently …those who define the continuous, employ the nature or the infinite, as if that which is divisible to infinity is continuous.”

“Concerning the generation of animals akin to them, as hornets and wasps, the facts in all cases are similar to a certain extent, but are devoid of the extraordinary features which characterize bees; this we should expect, for they have nothing divine about them as the bees have.”

“Sound is the motion of that which is able to be moved, after the manner in which those things are moved, that rebound from smooth bodies, when any one strikes them. Not every thing… sounds… but it is necessary, that the body which is struck should be equable, that the air may collectively rebound, and be shaken. The differences, however, of bodies which sound, are manifested in the sound, which is in energy; for, as colours are not perceived without light, so neither are the sharp and the flat perceived without sound. But these things are asserted metaphorically, from those which pertain to the touch; for the sharp moves the sense much in a short time, but the flat a little in a long time. The sharp, therefore, is not rapid, and the flat slow; but such a motion is produced of the one, on account of celerity, and of the other on account of slowness, that, also, which is perceived in the touch, appears to be analogous to the acute and obtuse, for the acute, as it were, stings; but the obtuse, as it were, impels: because the one moves in a short, but the other in a long time. Hence it happens that the one is swift but the other slow. Let it therefore be thus determined concerning sound.”

“It is also in the interests of a tyrant to make his subjects poor, so that he may be able to afford the cost of his bodyguard, while the people are so occupied with their daily tasks that they have no time for plotting.”

“It is the mark of an educated man to look for precision in each class of things just so far as the nature of the subject admits; it is evidently equally foolish to accept probable reasoning from a mathematician and to demand from a rhetorician scientific proofs.”

“It is not easy to determine the nature of music, or why any one should have a knowledge of it.”

“[I]t is impossible for motion to subsist without place, and void, and time.”

“For some identify happiness with virtue, some with practical wisdom, others with a kind of philosophic wisdom, others with these, or one of these, accompanied by pleasure or not without pleasure; while others include also external prosperity. Now … it is not probable that these should be entirely mistaken, but rather that they should be right in at least some one respect or even in most respects.”

“The basis of a democratic state is liberty.”

“[L]et us consider, with respect to causes, what they are, and how many there are in number… this also must be done by us in discoursing concerning generation and corruption, and all physical mutation… knowing the principles of these…
Cause… is after one manner said to be that, from which, being inherent, something is produced… But after another manner cause is form and paradigm (and this is the definition of the essence of a thing) and the genera of this. …But it happens… that there are also many causes of the same thing, and this is not from accident. …seed, a physician, he who consults, and, in short, he who makes, are all of them causes, as that whence the principle of mutation, or permanency, or motion is derived. …It is, however, necessary always to investigate the supreme cause of every thing …Further still, it is necessary to investigate the genera of genera; and the particulars of particulars… We should also explore the capacities of the capabilities, and the energizers of the things affected by energy.”

“Of things said without any combination, each signifies either substance or quantity or qualification or a relative or where or when or being-in-a-position or having or doing or being affected. To give a rough idea, examples of substance are man, horse; of quantity: four-foot, five-foot; of qualification: white, grammatical; of a relative: double, half, larger; of where: in the Lyceum, in the market-place; of when: yesterday, last-year; of being-in-a-position: is-lying, is sitting; of having: has-shoes-on, has-armour-on; of doing: cutting, burning; of being-affected: being-cut, being-burned.”

“[H]ow will one part of the infinite be above, and another below? Or how will it have extremes or a middle? Further still, every sensible body is in place; but the species and differences of place are upward and downward, before and behind, to the right hand and to the left: and these things not only thus subsist with relation to us, and by position, but have a definite subsistence in the universe itself. But it is impossible that these things should be in the infinite: and… that there should be an infinite place. But every body is in place; and therefore it is also impossible that there should be an infinite body. …[T]herefore …there is not an infinite body in energy.”

“Nature flies from the infinite, for the infinite is unending or imperfect, and Nature ever seeks an end.”

“All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not going to do anything, we prefer sight to almost everything else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know and brings to light many differences between things.”

“For legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their mark, and it is in this that a good constitution differs from a bad one.”

“The infinite… happens to subsist in a way contrary to what is asserted by others: for the infinite is not that beyond which there is nothing, but it is that of which there is always something beyond. …But that pertaining to which there is nothing beyond is perfect and whole. …that of which nothing is absent pertaining to the parts …the whole is that pertaining to which there is nothing beyond. But that pertaining to which something external is absent, that is not all …But nothing is perfect which has not an end; and the end is a bound. On this account… Parmenides spoke better than Melissus: for the latter says that the infinite is a whole; but the former, that the whole is finite, and equally balanced from the middle: for to conjoin the infinite with the universe and the whole, is not to connect line with line.”

“The proof that the state is a creation of nature and prior to the individual is that the individual, when isolated, is not self-sufficing; and therefore he is like a part in relation to the whole.”

“For pleasure is a state of soul, and to each man that which he is said to be a lover of is pleasant…. Now for most men their pleasures are in conflict with one another because these are not by nature pleasant, but the lovers of what is noble find pleasant the things that are by nature pleasant; and virtuous actions are such… Happiness then is the best, noblest, and most pleasant thing in the world, and these attributes are not severed as in the inscription at Delos: Most noble is that which is justest, and best is health; but pleasantest is it to win what we love.”

“[S]ince causes are four in number, to know them all is the business of the natural philosopher, who also referring to the cause why a thing is to all of them, viz. to matter, form, that which moves, and for the sake of which a thing subsists, physically assigns a reason. Frequently, however, three of these causes pass into one: for the cause why a thing is, and that for the sake of which it is, are one. But that which motion first originates, is in species the same with these… [T]here are three treatises; once concerning that which is immoveable; another concerning that which is moved, indeed, but is incorruptible; and a third concerning corruptible natures. So the cause of why a thing is, is assigned by him who refers to matter, to essence, and to the first mover… But there are two principles which are naturally motive; of which, one is not physical, because it does not contain in itself the principle of motion. And if there is any thing which moves without being moved, it is of this kind; as is that which is perfectly immoveable, that which is the first of all things, together with essence and form: for it is the end, and that for the sake of which a thing subsists. So that since nature is for the sake of something, it is also necessary to know this cause.”

“Happiness, whether consisting in pleasure or virtue, or both, is more often found with those who are highly cultivated in their minds and in their character, and have only a moderate share of external goods, than among those who possess external goods to a useless extent but are deficient in higher qualities.”

“…suppose α without weight, but β possessing weight; and let α pass over space γδ, but β in the same time pass over a space γε,—for that which has weight will be carried through the larger space. If now the heavy body be divided in the proportion that space γε bears to γδ, … and if the whole is carried through the whole space γε, then it must be that a part in the same time would be carried through γδ…”

“But the greatest thing by far is to have a command of metaphor. This alone cannot be imparted by another; it is the mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances.”

“Remember that time slurs over everything, let all deeds fade, blurs all writings and kills all memories. Except are only those which dig into the hearts of men by love.”

“[A]ll things as subsist from nature appear to contain in themselves a principle of motion and permanency; some according to place, others according to increase and diminuation; and others according to change in quality.”

“The law is reason unaffected by desire.”

“It is well said, then, that it is by doing just acts that the just man is produced, and by doing temperate acts the temperate man; without doing these no one would have even a prospect of becoming good. But most people do not do these, but take refuge in theory and think they are being philosophers and will become good in this way, behaving somewhat like patients who listen attentively to their doctors, but do none of the things they are ordered to do.”

“…. In a word, acts of any kind produce habits or characters of the same kind. Hence we ought to make sure that our acts are of a certain kind; for the resulting character varies as they vary. It makes no small difference, therefore, whether a man be trained in his youth up in this way or that, but a great difference, or rather all the difference.”

“The best friend is he that, when he wishes a person's good, wishes it for that person's own sake.”