Bertrand Russell idézet (598 idézet, oldal 15)

Ha erre azt feleljük, hogy egyszerûen a saját kedve szerint alkotta õket, minden különösebb ok nélkül, akkor azt találjuk, hogy van valami, ami nem engedelmeskedik törvényeknek, így a természeti törvények láncolata megszakad. Ha azt mondjuk, amit némely ortodoxabb teológus mond, hogy Istennek minden törvény esetében megvan az oka arra, hogy éppen azt a törvényt hozza, és nem mást -- az ok természetesen az, hogy a lehetõ legjobb világot teremtse (noha ezt a világ láttán nem gondolnánk) -- ha tehát volt ok az Isten által adott törvényekre, akkor Istennek magának is bizonyos törvényeknek kellett alávetnie magát, s ily módon nem jutottunk előbbre azzal, hogy bevezettük Istent, mint közvetítőt. <br class="br"> Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Önök természetesen mindannyian tudják, hogy a régi időkben három intellektuális érvet használtak Isten létezésének bizonyítására, s Immanuel Kant mindhármat elintézte A tiszta ész kritikájában. Rögtön kitalált azonban egy újabb érvet, melyet igen meggyõzõnek érzett -- ez volt a morális érv. Olyan volt Kant, mint sok más ember: intellektuális kérdésekben szkeptikus volt, erkölcsi ügyekben azonban mélyen hitt azokban az alapelvekben, amelyeket még kicsi gyerekkorában szívott magába.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Ha biztosak vagyunk benne, hogy van különbség jó és rossz között, akkor rögtön meg kell kérdeznünk: ez a különbség Isten rendelkezésére jött létre, vagy nem? Ha Isten rendelkezésére jött létre, akkor Isten számára nincs különbség jó és rossz között, s ez esetben nincs értelme azt mondani, hogy Isten jó. Ha azt mondjuk, amit a teológusok, hogy Isten jó, akkor ez szükségképpen azt jelenti, hogy a jónak és a rossznak van valamiféle Isten rendelkezésétõl független szerepe is, hiszen Isten rendelkezései jók, nem pedig rosszak; függetlenül attól a ténytõl, hogy minden Isten alkotása.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

Bertrand Russell idézetek

„Nem tudom, végig tudnék-e menni Jézussal az õ teljes útján, de sokkal tovább mennék vele, mint a gyakorló keresztények többsége.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Dr. Thaddeus erre szenvedélyes, sértődöttséggel teli panaszáradatban tört ki:”

Bertrand Russell

Egyéb

„Mindannyian ismerjük Voltaire megjegyzését, miszerint az orrot nyilvánvalóan arra tervezték, hogy tartsa a szemüveget. Ma már közel sem annyira fontosak az ilyen paródiák, mint a tizennyolcadik században voltak, hiszen Darwin óta sokkal jobban értjük, miért és hogyan alkalmazkodtak az élõlények környezetükhöz. Nem környezetüket alkották olyanná, hogy megfelelõ legyen számukra, hanem õk idomultak környezetükhöz, s ez az adaptáció alapja. Nincs bizonyíték arra, hogy a megtervezettség is szerepet játszana a dologban.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„A korai keresztények elhitték Jézusnak az igen közeli második eljövetelt, ezért nem gondolkodtak hosszabb távra elõre, például nem ültettek fákat kertjeikben. Ebbõl a szempontból tehát Jézus nyilvánvalóan nem volt olyan bölcs, mint bizonyos más tanítók; semmiképpen sem õ volt a legbölcsebb.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Se szeri, se száma azoknak a módozatoknak, ahogyan az egyház napjainkban szükségtelen és meg nem érdemelt szenvedést ró emberek tömegeire azáltal, hogy görcsösen ragaszkodik ahhoz, amit önkényes választása szerint erkölcsnek nevez.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Gyakran hallani, hogy nem lenne szabad támadni a vallást, mert a vallás erényessé teszi az embereket. Ezt mondják, de én ezt nem vettem észre.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Úgy érzem, hogy senki sem hihet az örökké tartó bûnhõdésben, aki valóban mélyen humánus érzületû.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Nem az élet puszta tényét kell kívánatosnak tartani, hanem az életnek a magasztos dolgok szemléletében megnyilvánuló művészetét.”

Bertrand Russell

A matematika tanulmányozása

„Azt a furcsa összefüggést figyelhetjük meg, hogy minél erõsebb volt egy adott idõszakban a vallás, minél mélyebb volt a dogmákba vetett hit, annál nagyobb volt a kegyetlenség és annál rosszabbul alakultak a dolgok.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Az evangéliumok ábrázolása szerint Jézus egészen bizonyosan hitt az örökké tartó bûnhõdésben, továbbá több helyen találkozunk a bosszúszomjas düh megnyilvánulásával azokkal az emberekkel szemben, akik nem hallgatták meg az õ prédikációit. Prédikátoroknál nem ritka az ilyen hozzáállás, a különleges kiválósággal azonban nehezen egyeztethetõ össze. Szókratésznál például nem találjuk meg ezt a hozzáállást. Szókratész igen szelíd és elõzékeny volt azokhoz, akik nem akartak hallgatni rá; és szerintem ez a magatartás sokkal inkább méltó egy bölcshöz, mint az indulatoskodás.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Mint mondottam, nem gondolom, hogy a vallás elfogadásának valódi oka bármi kapcsolatban lenne az intellektuális érveléssel. Az emberek érzelmi alapon fogadják el a vallást.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„A vallás véleményem szerint elsõsorban és fõképpen a félelmen alapul. Részben az ismeretlentõl való rettegésrõl van szó, részben pedig, mint mondtam, arról a vágyról, hogy valami "idõsebb testvér"-félét érezzünk magunk mellett, aki minden gondunkban, konfliktusunkban velünk van. Az egész dolog alapja a félelem: félelem a titokzatostól, félelem a vereségtõl, félelem a haláltól. A félelem kegyetlenséget szül, így nem csoda, ha a kegyetlenség és a vallás mindig kéz a kézben járt a történelem során.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Van egy olyan törvény, mint mindannyian tudjuk, hogy ha kétszer dobunk egy dobókockával, akkor nagyjából 36 esetbõl egyszer fogunk két hatost dobni. Ezt mégsem tekintjük bizonyítéknak arra, hogy a kockadobás eredményét poontosan megtervezett törvény szabályozza -- éppen ellenkezőleg, ha minden esetben két hatost kapunk, akkor fogjuk gondolni, hogy az eredmény tudatosan megtervezett. A természeti törvények jelentõs része éppen ilyen jellegû.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Saját lábunkra akarunk állni, és torzítatlanul szemlélni a világot -- a jó dolgokat, a rossz dolgokat, a világ szépségét és csúfságát; olyannak akarjuk látni a világot, amilyen, és nem akarunk félni tõle. Értelemmel meghódítani a világot, nem szolgamódra alávetve magunkat borzalmainak. Az egész istenfogalom az ókori keleti despotizmusokból származik. Olyan fogalom ez, amely nagyon méltatlan a szabad emberekhez. Amikor a templomban azt halljuk, hogy az emberek megalázkodnak és nyomorult bűnösöknek nevezik magukat, ez megvetésre méltó, hitvány dolognak tûnik, amely méltatlan önmagukra valamit is adó emberi lényekhez. Fel kell állnunk, és őszintén, nyíltan kell a világ arcába néznünk. A lehetõ legjobbá kell tennünk világunkat, és ha nem lesz olyan jó, mint szeretnénk, végsõ soron akkor is jobb lesz, mint amilyenné mások tették az elmúlt történelmi korszakokban. A jó világhoz tudásra, jóindulatra és bátorságra van szükség; nincs szükség arra, hogy bûnbánóan epekedjünk a múlt után, sem arra, hogy a szabad értelmet bilincsbe verjük tudatlan emberek réges-régen kiejtett szavaival. Félelem nélküli kiállásra és szabad értelemre van szükség. Reménykednünk kell a jövõben, nem pedig örökösen visszatekintgetnünk a múltba, amely már halott, és amelyet -- ebben bízunk -- messze túlhalad majd a jövő, melyet értelmünkkel teremtünk.”

Bertrand Russell

Miért nem vagyok keresztény? http://www.freeweb.hu/ateizmus/whynot.html

„Soha nem halnék meg a hitem miatt, mert tévedhetek.”

Bertrand Russell

„Minden ügyben egészséges dolog időnként kérdőjelet akasztani azokra a dolgokra, amelyeket régóta természetesnek tartunk.”

Bertrand Russell

„Egy hülye ember beszámolása arról, amit egy okos ember mondott, soha nem pontos, mert öntudatlanul lefordítja a hallottakat olyanná, amit megért.”

Bertrand Russell

„A félelem a babona alap forrása és a kegyetlenség egyik fő forrása. A félelem legyőzése a bölcsesség kezdete.”

Bertrand Russell

„Az az idő, amit szívesen vesztegetsz, nem elvesztegetett idő.”

Bertrand Russell

„A félelem legyőzése a bölcsesség kezdete.”

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell: Idézetek angolul

“The supreme maxim in scientific philosophising is this: wherever possible, logical constructions are to be substituted for inferred entities.”

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Bertrand Russell

Quoted in Hawes The Logic of Contemporary English Realism (1923), p. 110;Most people would die sooner than think – in fact they do so. cf. Ockham's maxim: entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.
1920s

“I wanted certainty in the kind of way in which people want religious faith. I thought that certainty is more likely to be found in mathematics than elsewhere. But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations, which my teachers expected me to accept, were full of fallacies, and that, if certainty were indeed discoverable in mathematics, it would be in a new field of mathematics, with more solid foundations than those that had hitherto been thought secure. But as the work proceeded, I was continually reminded of the fable about the elephant and the tortoise. having constructed an elephant upon which the mathematical world could rest, I found the elephant tottering, and proceeded to construct a tortoise to keep the elephant from falling. But the tortoise was no more secure than the elephant, and after some twenty years of very arduous toil, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing more that I could do in the way of making mathematical knowledge indubitable.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1950s, Portraits from Memory and Other Essays (1956), p. 53

“We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt.”

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Bertrand Russell

1950s, The Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955)

“What a queer work the Bible is.
… Some texts are very funny. Deut. XXIV, 5: "When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken." I should never have guessed "cheer up" was a Biblical expression. Here is another really inspiring text: "Cursed be he that lieth with his mother-in-law. And all the people shall say, Amen." St Paul on marriage: "I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I. But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn." This has remained the doctrine of the Church to this day. It is clear that the Divine purpose in the text "it is better to marry than to burn" is to make us all feel how very dreadful the torments of Hell must be.”

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Bertrand Russell

Letter to Colette, August 10, 1918
1910s

“We may define "faith" as a firm belief in something for which there is no evidence. Where there is evidence, no one speaks of "faith". We do not speak of faith that two and two are four or that the earth is round. We only speak of faith when we wish to substitute emotion for evidence. The substitution of emotion for evidence is apt to lead to strife, since different groups substitute different emotions.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1950s, Human Society in Ethics and Politics (1954), p. 215

“There is no need to worry about mere size. We do not necessarily respect a fat man more than a thin man. Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippopotamus, but we do not on that account value him less.”

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Bertrand Russell

"The Expanding Mental Universe", Saturday Evening Post (July 1959)
1950s

“Democracy is the process by which people choose the man who'll get the blame.”

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Bertrand Russell

Attributed to Russell in Geary's Guide to the World's Great Aphorists (2007), p. 346
Attributed from posthumous publications

“We cannot suppose that an individual’s thinking survives bodily death, since that destroys the organization of the brain and dissipates the energy which utilized the brain tracks. God and immortality, the central dogma of the Christian religion, find no support in science. But we in the West have come to think of them as the irreducible minimum of theology. No doubt people will continue to entertain these beliefs, because they are pleasant, just as it is pleasant to think ourselves virtuous and our enemies wicked. But for my part I cannot see any grounds for either. I do not pretend to be able to prove that there is no God. I equally cannot prove Satan is a fiction. The Christian God may exist, so might the Gods of Olympus, Ancient Egypt or Babylon; but no one of these hypotheses is more probable than any other. They lie outside the region of provable knowledge and there is no reason to consider any of them.”

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Bertrand Russell

1920s, What I Believe (1925)

“The love of power is a part of human nature, but power-philosophies are, in a certain precise sense, insane. The existence of the external world, both that of matter and of other human beings, is a datum, which may be humiliating to a certain kind of pride, but can only be denied by a madman. Men who allow their love of power to give them a distorted view of the world are to be found in every asylum: one man will think he is Governor of the Bank of England, another will think he is the King, and yet another will think he is God. Highly similar delusions, if expressed by educated men in obscure language, lead to professorships in philosophy; and if expressed by emotional men in eloquent language, lead to dictatorships. Certified lunatics are shut up because of the proneness to violence when their pretensions are questioned; the uncertified variety are given control of powerful armies, and can inflict death and disaster upon all sane men within their reach.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1930s, Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), Ch. 16: Power philosophies

“I don't care for the applause one gets by saying what others are thinking; I want actually to change people's thoughts. Power over people's minds is the main personal desire of my life; and this sort of power is not acquired by saying popular things.”

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Bertrand Russell

Letter to Lucy Martin Donnelly, February 10, 1916
1910s

“In science men have discovered an activity of the very highest value in which they are no longer, as in art, dependent for progress upon the appearance of continually greater genius, for in science the successors stand upon the shoulders of their predecessors; where one man of supreme genius has invented a method, a thousand lesser men can apply it.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1910s, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays http://archive.org/stream/mysticism00russuoft/mysticism00russuoft_djvu.txt (1918), Ch. 2: The Place of Science in a Liberal Education

“A process which led from the amœba to man appeared to the philosophers to be obviously a progress – though whether the amœba would agree with this opinion is not known.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1910s, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays http://archive.org/stream/mysticism00russuoft/mysticism00russuoft_djvu.txt (1918), Ch. 1: Mysticism and Logic

“Why? Surely they can find other men.”

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Bertrand Russell

Russell's reply when asked “if it wasn’t unkind of him to love and leave so many women”; as quoted in My Father – Bertrand Russell (1975) by Katharine Tait, p. 106
Attributed from posthumous publications

“The tendency of our perceptions is to emphasise increasingly the objective elements in an impression, unless we have some special reason, as artists have, for doing the opposite.”

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Bertrand Russell

An Outline of Philosophy Ch.15 The Nature of our Knowledge of Physics (1927)
1920s

“A great deal of work is sedentary, and most manual work exercises only a few specialized muscles. When crowds assemble in Trafalgar Square to cheer to the echo an announcement that the government has decided to have them killed, they would not do so if they had all walked twenty-five miles that day. This cure for bellicosity is, however, impracticable, and if the human race is to survive – a thing which is, perhaps, undesirable – other means must be found for securing an innocent outlet for the unused physical energy that produces love of excitement. This is a matter which has been too little considered, both by moralists and by social reformers. The social reformers are of the opinion that they have more serious things to consider. The moralists, on the other hand, are immensely impressed with the seriousness of all the permitted outlets of the love of excitement; the seriousness, however, in their minds, is that of Sin. Dance halls, cinemas, this age of jazz, are all, if we may believe our ears, gateways to Hell, and we should be better employed sitting at home contemplating our sins. I find myself unable to be in entire agreement with the grave men who utter these warnings. The devil has many forms, some designed to deceive the young, some designed to deceive the old and serious. If it is the devil that tempts the young to enjoy themselves, is it not, perhaps, the same personage that persuades the old to condemn their enjoyment? And is not condemnation perhaps merely a form of excitement appropriate to old age? And is it not, perhaps, a drug which – like opium – has to be taken in continually stronger doses to produce the desired effect? Is it not to be feared that, beginning with the wickedness of the cinema, we should be led step by step to condemn the opposite political party, dagoes, wops, Asiatics, and, in short, everybody except the fellow members of our club? And it is from just such condemnations, when widespread, that wars proceed. I have never heard of a war that proceeded from dance halls.”

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Bertrand Russell

1950s, What Desires Are Politically Important? (1950)

“Apart from autograph hunters, I get… many letters from Hindus, beseeching me to adopt some form of mysticism, from young Americans, asking me where I think the line should be drawn in petting, and from Poles, urging me to admit that while all other nationalism may be bad that of Poland is wholly noble. I get letters from engineers who cannot understand Einstein, and from parsons who think that I cannot understand Genesis, from husbands whose wives have deserted them – not (they say) that that would matter, but the wives have taken the furniture with them, and what in these circumstances should an enlightened male do? …I get letters (concerning whose genuineness I am suspicious) trying to get me to advocate abortion, and I get letters from young mothers asking my opinion of bottle-feeding.”

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Bertrand Russell

Letter to Mr C. L. Aiken, March 19, 1930
1930s

“The "social contract," in the only sense in which it is not completely mythical, is a contract among conquerors, which loses its raison d'être if they are deprived of the benefits of conquest.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1930s, Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), Ch. 12: Powers and forms of governments

“In spite of Death, the mark and seal of the parental control, Man is yet free, during his brief years, to examine, to criticise, to know, and in imagination to create. To him alone, in the world with which he is acquainted, this freedom belongs; and in this lies his superiority to the resistless forces that control his outward life.”

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Bertrand Russell

1900s, A Free Man's Worship (1903)

“If the Communists conquered the world, it would be very unpleasant for a while, but not forever. But if the human race is wiped out, that is the end.”

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Bertrand Russell

Television interview on March 24, 1958, as quoted in The United States in World Affairs (1959), p. 12
1950s

“Among human beings, the subjection of women is much more complete at a certain level of civilization than it is among savages. And the subjection is always reinforced by morality.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1930s, Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), Ch. 15: Power and moral codes

“I do not believe that science per se is an adequate source of happiness, nor do I think that my own scientific outlook has contributed very greatly to my own happiness, which I attribute to defecating twice a day with unfailing regularity.”

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Bertrand Russell

Letter to W. W. Norton (publisher), 27 January, 1931
1930s

“Those who forget good and evil and seek only to know the facts are more likely to achieve good than those who view the world through the distorting medium of their own desires.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1910s, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays http://archive.org/stream/mysticism00russuoft/mysticism00russuoft_djvu.txt (1918), Ch. 1: Mysticism and Logic

“The best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race. It is feared that if many H-bombs are used there will be universal death, sudden only for a minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration.
Many warnings have been uttered by eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain. What they do say is that these results are possible, and no one can be sure that they will not be realized. We have not yet found that the views of experts on this question depend in any degree upon their politics or prejudices. They depend only, so far as our researches have revealed, upon the extent of the particular expert's knowledge. We have found that the men who know most are the most gloomy.”

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Bertrand Russell

1950s, The Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955)

“As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think that I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because, when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods.”

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Bertrand Russell

"Proof of God" <br class="br">1940s, Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic? http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm (1947)

“Since Adam and Eve ate the apple, man has never refrained from any folly of which he was capable. The End.”

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Bertrand Russell

Full text of Russell's book History of the World in Epitome (For Use in Martian Infant Schools), written in 1959 and published on his ninetieth birthday, as quoted in Slater Bertrand Russell (1994), p. 136
1950s

“Soon after my arrival in Moscow I had an hour's conversation with Lenin in English, which he speaks fairly well… I have never met a personage so destitute of self-importance. He looks at his visitors very closely, and screws up one eye, which seems to increase alarmingly the penetrating power of the other. He laughs a great deal; at first his laugh seems merely friendly and jolly, but gradually I came to feel it rather grim. He is dictatorial, calm, incapable of fear, extraordinarily devoid of self-seeking, an embodied theory. The materialist conception of history, one feels, is his life-blood. He resembles a professor in his desire to have the theory understood and in his fury with those who misunderstand or disagree, as also in his love of expounding, I got the impression that he despises a great many people and is an intellectual aristocrat.
…When I suggested that whatever is possible in England can be achieved without bloodshed, he waved aside the suggestion as fantastic… He described the division between rich and poor peasants, and the Government propaganda among the latter against the former, leading to acts of violence which he seemed to find amusing.”

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Bertrand Russell

Part I, Ch. 3: Lenin, Trotsky and Gorky
1920s, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920)

“A life devoted to science is therefore a happy life, and its happiness is derived from the very best sources that are open to dwellers on this troubled and passionate planet.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1910s, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays http://archive.org/stream/mysticism00russuoft/mysticism00russuoft_djvu.txt (1918), Ch. 2: The Place of Science in a Liberal Education

“…it [is] possible to suppose that, if Russia is allowed to have peace, an amazing industrial development may take place, making Russia a rival of the United States.”

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Bertrand Russell

Part I, Ch. 5: Communism and the Soviet Constitution
1920s, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920)

“In former days, men sold themselves to the Devil to acquire magical powers. Nowadays they acquire those powers from science, and find themselves compelled to become devils. There is no hope for the world unless power can be tamed, and brought into the service, not of this or that group of fanatical tyrants, but of the whole human race, white and yellow and black, fascist and communist and democrat; for science has made it inevitable that all must live or all must die.”

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Bertrand Russell

Forrás: 1930s, Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), Ch. 2: Leaders and Followers

“There is a further advantage [to hydrogen bombs]: the supply of uranium in the planet is very limited, and it might be feared that it would be used up before the human race was exterminated, but now that the practically unlimited supply of hydrogen can be utilized, there is considerable reason to hope that homo sapiens may put an end to himself, to the great advantage of such less ferocious animals as may survive. But it is time to return to less cheerful topics.”

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Bertrand Russell

Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948), part I, "The World of Science", chapter 3, "The World of Physics", p. 41
1940s