Thomas Szasz citations

“La classification est un acte social. La classification des individus ou des groupes requiert la participation de trois types de personnes au moins : le classificateur, l'objet classifié et un public qui accepte ou qui rejette telle ou telle classification.”

“L'oppresseur dispose d'une rhétorique justificative par laquelle il cache sous une fausse représentation ses buts véritables et les méthodes qu'il emploie pour les atteindre.”

“Tout individu est "quelqu'un". Il ne peut demeurer non classé. L'individu éclectique dans ses choix et dans sa conduite, impossible à ranger dans les cases de la société, devient un objet de soupçon et de méfiance.”

“Les hommes désirent la liberté, mais en même temps, ils la craignent.”

“Ce dont il faut se rappeler, c'est que plus l'image qu'une personne a d'elle-même est abîmée et vulnérable, plus son besoin de la sauvegarder et de la renforcer sera grand.”

“Le fait que l'on utilise l'énergie atomique à des fins guerrières ne transforme pas les conflits internationaux en problèmes de physique; de même, le fait que le comportement humain utilise le cerveau ne transforment pas les conflits moraux et personnels en problèmes de médecine.”

“Il suffit pour réussir dans le jeu de la vie de "jouer un rôle" et d'obtenir l'approbation sociale pour ce rôle.”

“On a l'habitude de définir la psychiatrie comme une spécialité médicale qui s'intéresse à l'étude, au diagnostic et au traitement de la maladie mentale. Cette définition est fallacieuse et fausse. La maladie mentale est un mythe. Les psychiatres ne s'intéressent pas plus à la maladie mentale qu'à son traitement. Dans la pratique, ils ont affaire à des problèmes personnels, sociaux et éthique de l'existence.”

“Plus l'écart entre les prescriptions morales et le comportement social réel est grand, plus se fait sentir le besoin de sacrifier des boucs émissaires afin de maintenir le mythe social selon lequel l'homme vit selon les éthiques qu'il professe officiellement.”

“Tout jugement est sujet à l'erreur.”

“Raisons et causes opèrent, pour ainsi dire, dans un champs éthiquement neutre, tandis que les motifs et les justifications sont utilisés dans un contexte qui entretient plus ou moins explicitement des considérations éthiques.”

“La psychiatrie est liée de manière beaucoup plus intime à la morale que ne l'est la médecine en général.”

“Le langage à trois fonctions principales : transmettre une information, induire un état et pousser à l'action.”

“La médecine est une science naturelle. La psychiatrie est une science morale.”

“Quand des individus veulent en exclure d'autres de leur milieu, ils leur appliquent des étiquettes infamantes.”

“Ce n'est donc pas que les diagnostics psychiatriques soient dépourvus de sens; ce qui est grave, c'est qu'ils peuvent être utilisés et ils le sont souvent comme des assommoirs sémantiques : briser la respectabilité et la dignité d'un individu le détruit tout aussi efficacement, sinon plus, que de briser sa nuque.”

“Le but implicite de la communication est d'obtenir une aide.”

“C'est ce qu'une personne à appris qui détermine ce qu'elle estime digne d'être réalisé ou de devenir le but de son existence.”

“Être humain, c'est avant tout un concept moral et psychologique.”

“En fait, dans une certaine mesure, toute douleur constitue un signe iconique de tout autre. De même que dans l'image représentant un œuf, nous reconnaissons tous les œufs que nous ayons jamais vu, toute douleur dont nous faisons l'expérience est partiellement constituée de toutes les douleurs que nous ayons jamais ressenties.”

“La collectivisation de l'homme, par des moyens politiques ou psychiatriques, équivaut toujours à ceux-ci : les individus transformés en chose peuvent être contrôlés et manipulés par une élite technocratique.”

“Un homme complètement dénué d'espoir est une impossibilité psychologique, tout comme un homme n'ayant aucun but.”

“Le sentiment de la honte est étroitement lié à ce que les autres pensent de nous.”

“Dans une relation fort-faible, seul le membre faible de la pair a besoin de craindre de susciter l'envie de son partenaire; le fort n'éprouve pas en effet de crainte analogue, car il sait que le faible est sans pouvoir pour agir de manière aussi destructrice à son égard.”

“Il n'y a pas d'action visant à atteindre un but, il n'y a que des comportements déterminés par des causes.”

“Two wrongs don't make a right, but they make a good excuse.”

“People often say that this or that person has not yet found himself. But the self is not something one finds; it is something one creates.”

“When a person can no longer laugh at himself, it is time for others to laugh at him..”

“Boredom is the feeling that everything is a waste of time; serenity, that nothing is.”

“Punishment is now unfashionable… because it creates moral distinctions among men, which, to the democratic mind, are odious. We prefer a meaningless collective guilt to a meaningful individual responsibility.”

“Anxiety is the unwillingness to play even when you know the odds are for you.
Courage is the willingness to play even when you know the odds are against you.”

“A child becomes an adult when he realizes that he has a right not only to be right but also to be wrong.”

“Marx said that religion was the opiate of the people. In the United States today, opiates are the religion of the people.”

“The proverb warns that, 'You should not bite the hand that feeds you.' But maybe you should, if it prevents you from feeding yourself.”

“In the animal kingdom, the rule is, eat or be eaten; in the human kingdom, define or be defined.”

“If you talk to God, you are praying; If God talks to you, you have schizophrenia. If the dead talk to you, you are a spiritualist; If you talk to the dead, you are a schizophrenic.”

“Clear thinking requires courage rather than intelligence.”

“Formerly, when religion was strong and science weak, men mistook magic for medicine; now, when science is strong and religion weak, men mistake medicine for magic.”

“Doubt is to certainty as neurosis is to psychosis. The neurotic is in doubt and has fears about persons and things; the psychotic has convictions and makes claims about them. In short, the neurotic has problems, the psychotic has solutions.”

“Happiness is an imaginary condition, formerly attributed by the living to the dead, now usually attributed by adults to children, and by children to adults.”

“Classifying thoughts, feelings and behaviors as diseases is a logical and semantic error, like classifying whale as fish.”

“It taught me, at an early age, that being wrong can be dangerous, but being right, when society regards the majority’s falsehood as truth, could be fatal.”

“In the natural sciences, language (mathematics) is a useful tool: like the microscope or telescope, it enables us to see what is otherwise invisible. In the social sciences, language (literalized metaphor) is an impediment: like a distorting mirror, it prevents us from seeing the obvious.
That is why in the natural sciences, knowledge can be gained only with the mastery of their special languages; whereas in human affairs, knowledge can be gained only by rejecting the pretentious jargons of the social sciences.”

“The episode in Sodom is undoubtedly the earliest account in human history of the entrapment of homosexuals, a strategy widely practiced by the law enforcement agencies of modern Western countries, especially those of the United States. In effect, the men of Sodom were entrapped by two strangers, who in truth were not travelers but angels, that is to say, God’s plain-clothesmen. These agents of the Biblical vice-squad wasted no time punishing the offenders.”

“The crime [homosexuality] was subject to punishment by both secular and ecclesiastical courts—just as now it is subject to punishment by both penal and psychiatric sanctions.”

“The gist of my argument is that men like Kraepelin, Bleuler and Freud were not what they claimed or seem to be—namely, physicians or medical investigators; they were, in fact, religious-political leaders and conquerors. Instead of discovering new diseases, they extended, through psychiatry, the imagery, vocabulary, jurisdiction, and hence the territory of medicine to what they were not, and are not, diseases in the original Virchowian sense.”

“As the dominant social ethic changed from a religious to a secular one, the problem of heresy disappeared, and the problem of madness arose and became of great social significance. In the next chapter I shall examine the creation of social deviants, and shall show that as formerly priests had manufactured heretics, so physicians, as the new guardians of social conduct and morality, began to manufacture madmen.”

“We shall therefore compare the concept of homosexuality as heresy, prevalent in the days of the witch-hunts, with the concept of homosexuality as mental illness, prevalent today.”

“Religious and medical propaganda to the contrary notwithstanding, I hold some simple truths to be self-evident. One of these truths is that just as the dead do not rise from the grave, so drugs do not commit crimes. The dead remain dead. Drugs are inert chemicals that have no effect on human beings who choose not to use them. No one has to smoke cigarettes, and no one has to shoot heroin. People smoke cigarettes because they want to, and they shoot heroin because they want to.”

“In the past, men created witches: now they create mental patients.”

“Over the past thirty years, we have replaced the medical-political persecution of illegal sex users ("perverts" and "psychopaths") with the even more ferocious medical-political persecution of illegal drug users.”

“What had been drapetomania became depression. … Modern man runs away from a life that seems to him a kind of slavery.”

“As the base rhetorician uses language to increase his own power, to produce converts to his own cause, and to create loyal followers of his own person—so the noble rhetorician uses language to wean men away from their inclination to depend on authority, to encourage them to think and speak clearly, and to teach them to be their own masters.”

“I started to work on this book in 1954, when, having been called to active duty in the Navy, I was relieved of the burdens of a full-time psychoanalytic practice… Within a year of its publication, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene demanded, in a letter citing specifically 'The Myth Of Mental Illness', that I be dismissed from my university position because I did not "believe" in mental illness.”