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Jean-Baptiste Say cytaty

Jean-Baptiste Say – francuski przedsiębiorca i ekonomista, przedstawiciel francuskiego nurtu ekonomii klasycznej.

Najpowszechniej znanym dokonaniem Saya jest sformułowanie prawa rynków, zwanego też często wprost prawem Saya. Kryjąca się za nim koncepcja była już wcześniej formułowana przez innych ekonomistów, ale Say po raz pierwszy sformułował ją w sposób precyzyjny i naukowy.

W najogólniejszej postaci prawo rynków Saya sprowadza się do tego, że podaż sama stwarza popyt . Wynika to z faktu, że koszty produkcji ponoszone przez producentów są jednocześnie zapłatą dla pracowników i podwykonawców, a tym samym są przeznaczone na konsumpcję. Zakłada się tu, że oszczędności gromadzone przez podmioty są niczym innym jak odroczoną konsumpcją. Say zakłada też implicite, że rynek działa w warunkach wolnej konkurencji. W takiej sytuacji kryzys nadprodukcji może wystąpić jedynie w obliczu czynników zewnętrznych, np. klęsk żywiołowych.

Prawo rynków Saya wywołało bardzo wiele dyskusji wśród późniejszych ekonomistów, stając się jednym z podstawowych postulatów nurtu klasycznego w ekonomii. Wikipedia  

✵ 5. Styczeń 1767 – 15. Listopad 1832
Jean-Baptiste Say Fotografia
Jean-Baptiste Say: 75   Cytatów 0   Polubień

Jean-Baptiste Say słynne cytaty

„Prawa właścicieli ziemskich wywodzą się z rabunku.”

Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: Traktat o ekonomii politycznej, ks. I Rynki zbytu, 1803, s. 136

„Między myślącym a erudytą jest taka sama różnica, jak między jedną książką a dwudziestoma spisami rzeczy.”

Jean-Baptiste Say

„Aby przemysł mógł się rozwijać, nie wystarcza zwykłe spożycie: należy podsycać rozwój gustów i potrzeb, które rodzą wśród ludności chęć spożycia.”

Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: Traktat o ekonomii politycznej, ks. I Rynki zbytu, 1803

Jean-Baptiste Say: Cytaty po angielsku

“Which leads us to a conclusion that may at first appear paradoxical, namely, that it is production which opens a demand for products.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XV, p. 133 (See also: Say's Law)
Kontekst: A man who applies his labour to the investing of objects with value by the creation of utility of some sort, can not expect such a value to be appreciated and paid for, unless where other men have the means of purchasing it. Now, of what do these means consist? Of other values of other products, likewise the fruits of industry, capital, and land. Which leads us to a conclusion that may at first appear paradoxical, namely, that it is production which opens a demand for products.

“A system of swindling can never be long lived, and must infallibly in the end produce much more loss than profit.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XXI, Section V, p. 238
Kontekst: And let no government imagine, that, to strip them of the power of defrauding their subjects, is to deprive them of a valuable privilege. A system of swindling can never be long lived, and must infallibly in the end produce much more loss than profit.

“Opulent, civilized, and industrious nations, are greater consumers than poor ones, because they are infinitely greater producers.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter I, p. 391 (See also: Say's Law)

“If the community wish to have the benefit of more knowledge and intelligence in the labouring classes, it must dispense it at the public charge.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter VI, Section II, p. 436

“Every individual, from the common mechanic, that works in wood or clay, to the prime minister that regulates with the dash of his pen the agriculture, the breeding of cattle, the mining, or the commerce of a nation, will perform his business the better, the better he understands the nature of things, and the more his understanding is enlightened.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter VI, Section II, p. 432

“Labour, upon whichever of those operations it be bestowed, is productive, because it concurs in the creation of a product. Thus the labour of the philosopher, whether experimental or literary, is productive; the labour of the adventurer or master-manufacturer is productive, although he perform no actual manual work; the labour of every operative workman is productive, from the common day-labourer in agriculture, to the pilot that governs the motion of a ship.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter VII, p. 85

“Wherefore it is impossible to succeed in comparing wealth of different eras or different nations. This, in political economy, like squaring the circle in mathematics, is impracticable, for want of a common mean or measure to go by.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XXI, Section VI, p. 244

“What is the motive which operates in every man's breast to counteract the impulse towards the gratification of his wants and appetites?”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XIX, p. 207

“How many other opinions, as universally prevailing and as much respected, will in like manner pass away?”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. xlix

“The quantity of money, which is readily parted with to obtain a thing is called its price.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter I, p. 61

“The best scheme of finance is, to spend as little as possible; and the best tax is always the lightest.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter VIII, Section I, p. 449

“All travellers agree that protestant are both richer and more populous than catholic countries; and the reason is, because the habits of the former are more conducive to production.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book II, On Distribution, Chapter XI, Section I, p. 381 (See also: Max Weber)

“The wealthy are generally impressed with an idea, that they shall never stand in need of public charitable relief; but a little less confidence would become them better.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter VI, Section II, p. 439

“The difficulty lies, not in finding a producer, but in finding a consumer.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter IV, p. 399 (See also:Say's Law, Michał Kalecki, John Maynard Keynes)

“The manner in which things exist and take place, constitutes what is called the nature of things; and a careful observation of the nature of things is the sole foundation of all truth.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. xvii

“A treasure does not always contribute to the political security of its possessors. It rather invites attack, and very seldom is faithfully applied to the purpose for which it was destined.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter IX, p. 487

“The encouragement of mere consumption is no benefit to commerce; for the difficulty lies in supplying the means, not in stimulating the desire of consumption; and we have seen that production alone, furnishes those means. Thus, it is the aim of good government to stimulate production, of bad government to encourage consumption.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XV, p. 138

“Freedoms and apprenticeships are likewise expedients of police, not of that wholesome branch of police, whose object is the maintenance of the public and private security, and which is neither costly nor vexatious; but of that sort of police which bad governments employ to preserve or extend their personal authority at any expense.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XVII, Section II, p. 177

“Capital in the hands of a national government forms a part of the gross national capital.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter III, p. 73

“The theory of interest was wrapped in utter obscurity, until Hume and Smith dispelled the vapor.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book II, On Distribution, Chapter VIII, Section I, p. 354

“The wants of mankind are supplied and satisfied out of the gross values produced and created, and not out of the net values only.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter II, p. 69

“But, is it possible for princes and ministers to be enlightened, when private individuals are not so?”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. liv

“What can we expect from nations still less advanced in civilization than the Greeks?”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. xxix

“A shop-keeper in good business is quite as well off as a pedlar that travels the country with his wares on his back. Commercial jealousy is, after all, nothing but prejudice: it is a wild fruit, that will drop of itself when it has arrived at maturity.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter IX, p. 101

“It is doubtless very desirable, that private persons should have a correct knowledge of their personal interests; but it must be infinitely more so, that governments should possess that knowledge.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book III, On Consumption, Chapter VI, Section I, p. 418

“With respect to the present time, there are few persons who unite the qualifications of good observers with a situation favourable for accurate observation.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. xix

“Demand and supply are the opposite extremes of the beam, whence depend the scales of dearness and cheapness; the price is the point of equilibrium, where the momentum of the one ceases, and that of the other begins.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book II, On Distribution, Chapter I, p. 290

“Valuation is vague and arbitrary, when there is no assurance that it will be generally acquiesced in by others.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book II, On Distribution, Chapter I, p. 285

“At Newfoundland, it is said, that dried cod performs the office of money”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Book I, On Production, Chapter XXI, Section II, p. 221

“Political economy has only become a science since it has been confined to the results of inductive investigation.”

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Źródło: A Treatise On Political Economy (Fourth Edition) (1832), Introduction, p. xxvi

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