Jawaharlal Nehru cytaty
Jawaharlal Nehru
Data urodzenia: 14. Listopad 1889
Data zgonu: 27. Maj 1964
Jawaharlal Nehru , , zwany także Pandit Nehru – indyjski polityk, przywódca socjalistycznego skrzydła Indyjskiego Kongresu Narodowego w okresie walki o niepodległość przeciwko dominacji brytyjskiej. 15 sierpnia 1947 został pierwszym premierem Indii, piastując tę funkcję aż do śmierci. Ojciec Indiry Gandhi i dziadek Rajiva Gandhiego .
W 1929 roku po przeprowadzeniu przez Indyjski Kongres Narodowy kampanii na rzecz samostanowienia Indii został przewodniczącym partii. Po wystąpieniu w 1942 roku z deklaracją niepodległości Indii wraz ze swoimi współpracownikami został aresztowany. Po wyjściu z więzienia brał udział w negocjacjach, których owocem było powstanie dwóch niezależnych państw – Indii i Pakistanu. Polityka Nehru po objęciu stanowiska premiera opierała się na interwencjonizmie gospodarczym i uczestnictwie w ruchu niezaangażowania w okresie zimnej wojny. Jako przywódca Indii wprowadzał w życie zasady niezaangażowania, świeckości, utworzył w kraju wielopartyjną demokrację i ustanowił system republikański. W okresie jego rządów Indie stały się regionalnym hegemonem w rejonie Azji Południowej. Obok Josipa Broz Tity, Sukarno i Gamala Abdel Nasera czołowa postać Ruchu Państw Niezaangażowanych. Pod przewodnictwem Nehru, Kongres wygrał wybory w 1951, 1957 i 1962 roku. Początkowo szukał możliwości sojuszu z Chinami, polityka ta była jednak stopniowo rewidowana na rzecz lepszych stosunków z Zachodem, a pod koniec jego rządów miejsce miała wojna chińsko-indyjska.
Po jego śmierci, jego politykę kontynuowała córka Indira Gandhi. Wikipedia
Cytaty Jawaharlal Nehru
podczas ceremonii proklamowania niepodległości przez Indie (15 sierpnia 1947).
Źródło: B. Wizimirska, Drogi kariery. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto i jego partnerzy: Indira Gandhi i Mujibur Rahman, Warszawa, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1983, s. 117.
„Nie wiem, czym jest niewiadome.“
Źródło: Ija Lazari-Pawłowska, Nehru, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1991, s. 160.
„Nie jestem pewny, czy szczęście jest stanem bardzo zadowalającym.“
Źródło: Nic, co ludzkie... Aforyzmy, sentencje i przysłowia, oprac. Henryk Jurand, LSW, 1982, s. 57.
wypowiedziane w 1949.
Źródło: Ija Lazari-Pawłowska, Nehru, op. cit., s. 9.
w 1949.
Źródło: Ija Lazari-Pawłowska, Nehru, op. cit., s. 8.
„History is almost always written by the victors and conquerors and gives their view.“
— Jawaharlal Nehru, książka The Discovery of India
The Discovery of India (1946), pp. 287-8.
Statement of 1951, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 5 (1987), p. 321
Kontekst: I want to go rapidly towards my objective. But fundamentally even the results of action do not worry me so much. Action itself, so long as I am convinced that it is right action, gives me satisfaction. In my general outlook on life I am a socialist and it is a socialist order that I should like to see established in India and the world.
As quoted in Building A Life Of Value : Timeless Wisdom to Inspire and Empower Us (2005) by Jason A. Merchey, p. 74
„That is more than morality; it's sense.“
Interview by James Cameron in Picture Post (28 October 1950)
Kontekst: If in the modern world wars have unfortunately to be fought (and they do, it seems) then they must be stopped at the first possible moment, otherwise they corrupt us, they create new problems and make our future even more uncertain. That is more than morality; it's sense.
„There is perhaps nothing so bad and so dangerous in life as fear.“
Speech at Columbia University (1949); published in Speeches 1949 - 1953 p. 402; as quoted in Sources of Indian Tradition (1988) by Stephen Hay, p. 350
Kontekst: In times of crisis it is not unnatural for those who are involved in it deeply to regard calm objectivity in others as irrational, short-sighted, negative, unreal or even unmanly. But I should like to make it clear that the policy India has sought to pursue is not a negative and neutral policy. It is a positive and vital policy that flows from our struggle for freedom and from the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Peace is not only an absolute necessity for us in India in order to progress and develop but also of paramount importance to the world. How can that peace be preserved? Not by surrendering to aggression, not by compromising with evil or injustice but also not by the talking and preparing for war! Aggression has to be met, for it endangers peace. At the same time, the lesson of the past two wars has to be remembered and it seems to me astonishing that, in spite of that lesson, we go the same way. The very processes of marshaling the world into two hostile camps precipitates the conflict that it had sought to avoid. It produces a sense of terrible fear and that fear darkens men's minds and leads them to wrong courses. There is perhaps nothing so bad and so dangerous in life as fear. As a great President of the United States said, there is nothing really to fear except fear itself.
„It was the essential freedom from dogma and the scientific outlook of Marxism that appealed to me.“
Autobiography (1936; 1949; 1958)
Kontekst: Russia apart, the theory and philosophy of Marxism lightened up many a dark corner of my mind. History came to have a new meaning for me. The Marxist interpretation threw a flood of light on it... It was the essential freedom from dogma and the scientific outlook of Marxism that appealed to me. p. 362-363
„Many a Congressman was a communalist under his national cloak.“
Autobiography (1936; 1949; 1958)
Kontekst: Many a Congressman was a communalist under his national cloak. But the Congress leadership stood firm and, on the whole, refused to side with either communal party, or rather with any communal group. Long ago, right at the commencement of non-co-operation or even earlier, Gandhiji had laid down his formula for solving the communal problem. According to him, it could only be solved by goodwill and the generosity of the majority group, and so he was prepared to agree to everything that the Muslims might demand. He wanted to win them over, not to bargain with them. With foresight and a true sense of values he grasped at the reality that was worthwhile; but others who thought they knew the market price of everything, and were ignorant of the true value of anything, stuck to the methods of the market-place. They saw the cost of purchase with painful clearness, but they had no appreciation of the worth of the article they might have bought. <!-- p. 136
A Tryst With Destiny (1947)
Źródło: Quicktime excerpt http://www.harappa.com/wall/nehru.html and in: Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent http://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA191, Orient Blackswan, 1 January 1999, p. 191
Excerpts from his speech delivered on the eve of declaration of Independence, on 14 August 1947, at the midnight hour declaring Independence of India on 15 August 1947.
Kontekst: Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.
