Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, né le 30 novembre 1874 au palais de Blenheim et mort le 24 janvier 1965 à Londres, est un homme d'État britannique. Son action décisive en tant que Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni de 1940 à 1945, son rôle durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, joints à ses talents d'orateur et à ses bons mots en ont fait un des grands hommes politiques du XXe siècle. Ne disposant pas d'une fortune personnelle, il tire l'essentiel de ses revenus de sa plume. Ses dons d'écriture seront couronnés à la fin de sa vie par le prix Nobel de littérature. Il est également un peintre estimé.
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill appartient à la famille aristocratique Spencer, dont il est la plus brillante figure depuis le fondateur, son ancêtre John Churchill, 1er duc de Marlborough , auquel il a consacré une biographie. Fils d'un homme politique conservateur atypique n'ayant pas connu le succès escompté et mort relativement jeune, il ambitionne très vite de réussir dans ce domaine. De fait, s'il débute dans la carrière militaire et combat en Inde, au Soudan et lors de la seconde guerre des Boers, il y cherche surtout l'occasion de briller et de se faire connaître. Cette recherche de gloire lui vaut parfois un certain nombre d'inimitiés parmi ses pairs. Assez rapidement, en partie pour des questions financières – l'armée paie moins que le journalisme et il a besoin d'argent – il sert en tant que correspondant de guerre, écrivant des livres sur les campagnes auxquelles il participe. Bien plus tard, il sert brièvement sur le front de l'Ouest pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, comme commandant du 6e bataillon des Royal Scots Fusiliers.
Il est député durant la majeure partie de sa carrière politique, longue de près de soixante années, et occupe des postes ministériels pendant près de trente ans. Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est ministre du Commerce, secrétaire du Home Office et Premier Lord de l'Amirauté du gouvernement libéral d'Herbert Henry Asquith. À ce titre, il participe à la création des premières lois sociales de son pays et à un mouvement visant à restreindre l'importance de la Chambre des lords, deux éléments qui lui valent une forte inimitié de la part des conservateurs. Il reste à cette fonction jusqu'à la défaite britannique lors de la bataille des Dardanelles, dont il est tenu pour responsable, et qui provoque son éviction du gouvernement. Blanchi de ces accusations par une commission d'enquête parlementaire, il est rappelé comme ministre de l'Armement, secrétaire d'État à la Guerre et secrétaire d'État de l'air par David Lloyd George, alors Premier ministre.
Durant l'entre-deux-guerres, il quitte le Parti libéral et revient au Parti conservateur, avant de devenir chancelier de l'Échiquier. Son bilan à ce poste est mitigé. L'économie n'est pas son domaine de prédilection, à la différence de la politique étrangère et des affaires de stratégie militaire. Dans les années 1930, il n'est pas en phase avec le milieu politique d'alors. Les conservateurs qui dominent le parti ne l'apprécient pas et lui-même n'est pas un homme d'appareil. Il connaît une dizaine d'années de traversée du désert.
Il faut attendre le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour que Winston Churchill redevienne ministre en tant que Premier Lord de l'Amirauté. Après la démission de Neville Chamberlain, le 10 mai 1940, il devient Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni, les conservateurs l'ayant choisi plus par défaut que par adhésion. À 65 ans, alors le plus âgé des grands dirigeants alliés, il atteint le sommet de sa carrière politique. Il organise les forces armées britanniques et conduit le pays à la victoire contre les puissances de l'Axe. Ses discours et ses paroles marquent le peuple britannique et les forces alliées. Il permet également aux forces de la France libre, dirigées par Charles de Gaulle, pour lequel il éprouva une tumultueuse mais forte amitié, de s'imposer comme faisant partie des Alliés et comme seules représentantes de la France combattante durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Après avoir perdu les élections législatives de 1945, il devient chef de l'opposition conservatrice, dénonçant dès 1946 le rideau de fer. Il occupe à nouveau la fonction de Premier ministre de 1951 à 1955, date de sa démission. Malade, il quitte en 1964 la Chambre des communes, où il siégeait depuis 1900.
En 1953, la reine Élisabeth II le fait chevalier de l'ordre de la Jarretière. À sa mort, elle le gratifie d'obsèques nationales qui, avec celles du pape Jean-Paul II en 2005, seront l'occasion de l'un des plus importants rassemblements d'hommes d'État ayant eu lieu dans le monde.
“Le succès n'est pas définitif, l'échec n'est pas fatal : c'est le courage de continuer qui compte.”
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Mein Kampf […] the new Koran of faith and war: turgid, verbose, shapeless, but pregnant with its message.
en
Churchill ne compare pas Mein Kampf au Coran ; le mot "Coran" est à prendre ici au sens de "livre sacré et fondateur" et est synonyme de "Bible".
Source: voir le sens C du mot Coran : http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/coran
“Je n'ai à offrir que du sang, de la peine, des larmes et de la sueur.”
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.
Discours d'investiture.
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Correspondance
“Jamais dans l'histoire des conflits, tant de gens n'ont dû autant à si peu.”
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
Discours sur la Royal Air Force durant la bataille d'Angleterre .
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
“Il vaut mieux faire l'information que la recevoir; être un acteur plutôt qu'un critique.”
It is better to be making the news than taking it; to be an actor rather than a critic.
en
Democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
My Early Life, 1874-1904
Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar.
Premier discours à la nation en tant que premier ministre.
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Wikiquote
Autres discours
“In war-time,’ I said, ‘truth is so precious she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.”
Discussion of Operation Overlord with Stalin at the Teheran Conference (November 30, 1943); in The Second World War, Volume V : Closing the Ring (1952), Chapter 21 (Teheran: The Crux), p. 338.
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Variante: In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies.
Variante: Mr.Churchill, to what do you attribute your success in life? Conservation of energy. Never stand up when you can sit down. And never sit down when you can lie down.
“Americans Will Always Do the Right Thing — After Exhausting All the Alternatives.”
This is a modification of a March 1967 quote by Israeli politician Abba Eban who said, "Men and nations behave wisely when they have exhausted all other resources." Eban used various versions of this quote over the years. In 1979 he said, "My experience teaches me this: Men and nations do act wisely when they have exhausted all the other possibilities." http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/11/11/exhaust-alternatives/
In a 1970 Congressional hearing, a version of the quote first referenced Americans. It was attributed to an unnamed Irishman. "And indeed, we often know how to do things by the philosophy that was expounded by another Irishman I know. He said that you can depend on Americans to do the right thing when they have exhausted every other possibility." http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/11/11/exhaust-alternatives/
The earliest known attribution of the quote to Churchill occurred in 1980. http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/11/11/exhaust-alternatives/
Misattributed
“You make a living by what you get; you make a life by what you give.”
Extensive research of writings by and about Churchill at the Churchill Centre http://www.winstonchurchill.org fails to indicate that Churchill ever spoke or wrote those words.
Some sites list Norman MacEwen as the originator of the quote.
Misattributed
Variante: We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give.
Variante: We make a living by what we get. We make a life by what we give.
“I never worry about action, but only about inaction.”
Winston Churchill (Author) and Richard Langworth (Editor) (28. Oktober 2008): Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. New York: PublicAffairs (1st Edition), page 160. note: See also: 1940s. Passim. Martin Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, Volume II: Never Surrender, May 1940-December 1940. London: Heinemann, New York: Norton, 1994, page xvi, where Sir Martin writes in his Preface: "Inefficiency, incompetence and negative attitudes roused his ire: I have indicated some examples of this in the Churchill index entry, under “rebukes by.” He did not take kindly to what he called “a drizzle of carping criticism,” or to those officials, military or civilian, who, as he expressed it, “failed to rise to the height of circumstances.” Among his injunctions to his Ministers were, “Don’t let this matter sleep,” and, “I never ‘worry’ about action, but only about inaction.”" note: See also: In a letter, on page 1184 of the above work: Concerning “Operation Compass,” the first major British offensive in North Africa, Churchill wrote to General Dill on 7 December 1940: "If, with the situation as it is, General Wavell is only playing small, and is not hurling on his whole available forces with furious energy, he will have failed to rise to the height of circumstances. I never “worry” about action, but only about inaction." note: Source for all the aforementioned information: Richard M. Langworth (Senior fellow, Hillsdale College Churchill Project, Writer and Historian) (March 4, 2009): Churchill on Action vs. Inaction.
Source: Archived on June 2, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200602062301/https://richardlangworth.com/i-never-worry-about-action-but-only-about-inaction and secured on June 2, 2020 http://archive.is/Xgxu6 from the original https://richardlangworth.com/i-never-worry-about-action-but-only-about-inaction
“We are waiting for the long-promised invasion. So are the fishes.”
Radio broadcast, London, Dieu Protège La France [God protect France], October 21, 1940 ( partial text http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/LaFrance.html).
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Speech in the House of Commons, June 10, 1941 "Defence of Crete" http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1941/jun/10/defence-of-crete#column_152, in The Churchill War Papers : 1941 (1993), Churchill/Gilbert, Norton, p. 785
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Contexte: I must point out … that the British nation is unique in this respect. They are the only people who like to be told how bad things are, who like to be told the worst, and like to be told that they are very likely to get much worse in the future and must prepare themselves for further reverses.
Speech in the House of Commons, June 18, 1940 "War Situation" http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1940/jun/18/war-situation#column_60.
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Source: Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches
Contexte: Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us now. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age, made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.
Dates to 1899, American humor origin, originally featuring a woman upset by a man's cigar smoking. Cigar often removed in later versions, coffee added in 1900. Incorrectly attributed in Consuelo Vanderbilt Balsan, Glitter and Gold (1952).
See various early citations and references to refutations at “If you were my husband, I’d poison your coffee” (Nancy Astor to Churchill?) http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/if_you_were_my_husband_id_poison_your_coffee_nancy_astor_to_churchill, Barry Popik, The Big Apple,' February 09, 2009
Early examples include 19 November 1899, Gazette-Telegraph (CO), "Tales of the Town," p. 7, and early attributions are to American humorists Marshall P. Wilder and De Wolf Hopper.
Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations, by Richard Langworth, PublicAffairs, 2008, p. 578.
The Yale Book of Quotations, edited by Fred R. Shapiro, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 155.
George Thayer, The Washington Post (April 27, 1971), p. B6.
Misattributed
Variante: Lady Nancy Astor: Winston, if you were my husband, I'd put arsenic in your morning coffee.
Winston Churchill: Madam, if you were my wife, I'd drink it.
“This is just the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put.”
"Churchill on Prepositions" http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/churchill.html, and alt.english.usage at google groups http://groups.google.com/group/alt.english.usage/browse_thread/thread/dbf8ed860d953172/d44fbc9923cd662c?q=ben+zimmer+%22The+Strand%22&rnum=2#d44fbc9923cd662c have been the most immediate sources for much of the information which indicates this remark or others like it were probably not remarks actually made by Churchill.
Disputed
Variante: This is the type of arrant pedantry up with which I will not put.
Contexte: This is the type of arrant pedantry up with which I will not put.
Speech in the House of Commons, November 12, 1936 "Debate on the Address" http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1936/nov/12/debate-on-the-address#column_1107, criticizing Stanley Baldwin's record on rearmament against Hitler.
The 1930s
Contexte: Anyone can see what the position is. The Government simply cannot make up their mind, or they cannot get the Prime Minister to make up his mind. So they go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent. So we go on preparing more months and years — precious, perhaps vital to the greatness of Britain — for the locusts to eat.
The People's Rights [1909] (London: Jonathan Cape, 1970), p. 25
Early career years (1898–1929)
