Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, né le 30 novembre 1874 au palais de Blenheim et mort le 24 janvier 1965 à Londres, est un homme d'État britannique. Son action décisive en tant que Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni de 1940 à 1945, son rôle durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, joints à ses talents d'orateur et à ses bons mots en ont fait un des grands hommes politiques du XXe siècle. Ne disposant pas d'une fortune personnelle, il tire l'essentiel de ses revenus de sa plume. Ses dons d'écriture seront couronnés à la fin de sa vie par le prix Nobel de littérature. Il est également un peintre estimé.
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill appartient à la famille aristocratique Spencer, dont il est la plus brillante figure depuis le fondateur, son ancêtre John Churchill, 1er duc de Marlborough , auquel il a consacré une biographie. Fils d'un homme politique conservateur atypique n'ayant pas connu le succès escompté et mort relativement jeune, il ambitionne très vite de réussir dans ce domaine. De fait, s'il débute dans la carrière militaire et combat en Inde, au Soudan et lors de la seconde guerre des Boers, il y cherche surtout l'occasion de briller et de se faire connaître. Cette recherche de gloire lui vaut parfois un certain nombre d'inimitiés parmi ses pairs. Assez rapidement, en partie pour des questions financières – l'armée paie moins que le journalisme et il a besoin d'argent – il sert en tant que correspondant de guerre, écrivant des livres sur les campagnes auxquelles il participe. Bien plus tard, il sert brièvement sur le front de l'Ouest pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, comme commandant du 6e bataillon des Royal Scots Fusiliers.
Il est député durant la majeure partie de sa carrière politique, longue de près de soixante années, et occupe des postes ministériels pendant près de trente ans. Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est ministre du Commerce, secrétaire du Home Office et Premier Lord de l'Amirauté du gouvernement libéral d'Herbert Henry Asquith. À ce titre, il participe à la création des premières lois sociales de son pays et à un mouvement visant à restreindre l'importance de la Chambre des lords, deux éléments qui lui valent une forte inimitié de la part des conservateurs. Il reste à cette fonction jusqu'à la défaite britannique lors de la bataille des Dardanelles, dont il est tenu pour responsable, et qui provoque son éviction du gouvernement. Blanchi de ces accusations par une commission d'enquête parlementaire, il est rappelé comme ministre de l'Armement, secrétaire d'État à la Guerre et secrétaire d'État de l'air par David Lloyd George, alors Premier ministre.
Durant l'entre-deux-guerres, il quitte le Parti libéral et revient au Parti conservateur, avant de devenir chancelier de l'Échiquier. Son bilan à ce poste est mitigé. L'économie n'est pas son domaine de prédilection, à la différence de la politique étrangère et des affaires de stratégie militaire. Dans les années 1930, il n'est pas en phase avec le milieu politique d'alors. Les conservateurs qui dominent le parti ne l'apprécient pas et lui-même n'est pas un homme d'appareil. Il connaît une dizaine d'années de traversée du désert.
Il faut attendre le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour que Winston Churchill redevienne ministre en tant que Premier Lord de l'Amirauté. Après la démission de Neville Chamberlain, le 10 mai 1940, il devient Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni, les conservateurs l'ayant choisi plus par défaut que par adhésion. À 65 ans, alors le plus âgé des grands dirigeants alliés, il atteint le sommet de sa carrière politique. Il organise les forces armées britanniques et conduit le pays à la victoire contre les puissances de l'Axe. Ses discours et ses paroles marquent le peuple britannique et les forces alliées. Il permet également aux forces de la France libre, dirigées par Charles de Gaulle, pour lequel il éprouva une tumultueuse mais forte amitié, de s'imposer comme faisant partie des Alliés et comme seules représentantes de la France combattante durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Après avoir perdu les élections législatives de 1945, il devient chef de l'opposition conservatrice, dénonçant dès 1946 le rideau de fer. Il occupe à nouveau la fonction de Premier ministre de 1951 à 1955, date de sa démission. Malade, il quitte en 1964 la Chambre des communes, où il siégeait depuis 1900.
En 1953, la reine Élisabeth II le fait chevalier de l'ordre de la Jarretière. À sa mort, elle le gratifie d'obsèques nationales qui, avec celles du pape Jean-Paul II en 2005, seront l'occasion de l'un des plus importants rassemblements d'hommes d'État ayant eu lieu dans le monde.
“Le succès n'est pas définitif, l'échec n'est pas fatal : c'est le courage de continuer qui compte.”
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Mein Kampf […] the new Koran of faith and war: turgid, verbose, shapeless, but pregnant with its message.
en
Churchill ne compare pas Mein Kampf au Coran ; le mot "Coran" est à prendre ici au sens de "livre sacré et fondateur" et est synonyme de "Bible".
Source: voir le sens C du mot Coran : http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/coran
“Je n'ai à offrir que du sang, de la peine, des larmes et de la sueur.”
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.
Discours d'investiture.
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Correspondance
“Jamais dans l'histoire des conflits, tant de gens n'ont dû autant à si peu.”
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
Discours sur la Royal Air Force durant la bataille d'Angleterre .
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
“Il vaut mieux faire l'information que la recevoir; être un acteur plutôt qu'un critique.”
It is better to be making the news than taking it; to be an actor rather than a critic.
en
Democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
My Early Life, 1874-1904
Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar.
Premier discours à la nation en tant que premier ministre.
en
Wikiquote
Autres discours
“If you're going through hell, keep going.”
True origin unknown. Finest Hour described it as "not verifiable in any of the 50 million published words by and about him" ( Finest Hour, The Journal of Winston Churchill, Number 145, Winter 2009–10, p. 9 https://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/vol.01%20no.145.pdf). A similar quotation: "If you're going through hell, don't stop!" is "plausibly attributed" to Oregon self-help author and counselor Douglas Bloch (1990), according to Quote Investigator.
Misattributed
Variante: If you're going through hell, keep going
Source: http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/09/14/keep-going/
“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.”
Attributed to Winston Churchill in The Prodigal Project : Book I : Genesis (2003) by Ken Abraham and Daniel Hart, p. 224 and other places, though no source attribution is given. It actually derives from an advertising campaign for Budweiser beer in the late 1930s.
Misattributed
Variante: Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.
Source: http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/09/03/success-final/
Mankind is Confronted by One Supreme Task, News of the World, 14 November 1937
Reproduced in The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, Vol IV, Churchill at Large, Centenary Edition (1976), Library of Imperial History, p. 421.
The 1930s
Speech in the House of Commons, November 12, 1936 "Debate on the Address" http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1936/nov/12/debate-on-the-address#column_1117
Cited in Al Gore's documentary An Inconvenient Truth
This speech is also commonly known by the name "The Locust Years" http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/Locusts.html.
The 1930s
“I am fond of pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.”
Christopher Soames, speech at the Reform Club (28 April 1981), reported in Martin S. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill. Volume Eight: Never Despair: 1945–1965. p. 304
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Variante: I like pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.
Contexte: [Christopher Soames, Churchill's future son-in-law, remembered] Churchill showing him around Chartwell Farm [around 1946]. When they came to the piggery Churchill scratched one of the pigs and said: I am fond of pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.
“The price of greatness is responsibility.”
In the House of Commons, February 28, 1906 speech South African native races http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1906/feb/28/south-african-native-races#S4V0152P0_19060228_HOC_307
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Variante: Where there is great power there is great responsibility
Contexte: I submit respectfully to the House as a general principle that our responsibility in this matter is directly proportionate to our power. Where there is great power there is great responsibility, where there is less power there is less responsibility, and where there is no power there can, I think, be no responsibility.
"The Coalmining Situation", Speech to the House of Commons (October 13, 1943)
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Source: Google books link https://books.google.com/books?id=hc8pAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT373&lpg=PT373&dq=%22if+anyone+says+anything+back+that+is+an+outrage%22&source=bl&ots=vQG7eKCVNO&sig=FgGJGUVc7MSNY3-hyQrYpC8tiOY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwDWoVChMI-J-rpoiWyQIVF9tjCh2cLAel#v=onepage&q=%22if%20anyone%20says%20anything%20back%20that%20is%20an%20outrage%22&f=false
Minute (1 June 1940) in response to the Foreign Office's suggestion that preparations should be made for the evacuation of the Royal Family and the British Government to "some part of the Overseas Empire", quoted in Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill, 1939–1941 (London: Heinemann, 1983), p. 449
The Second World War (1939–1945)
This appears to be a variation of a quote often attributed to Caskie Stinnett in 1960, "A diplomat...is a person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to the trip" https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=%22A+diplomat+is+a+person+who+can+tell+you+to+go+to+hell+in+such+a+way+that+you+actually+look+forward+to+the+trip.%22 but which appears to have been in common use in the 1950s and is first recorded in the Seattle Daily Times in 1953 as "Diplomat—one who can tell you to go to hades and make you look forward to the trip". http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/a_diplomat_is_a_person_who_can_tell_you_to_go_to_hell_so_that_you_look_forw/
Misattributed
Variante: Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions
“Nothing in life is so exhilarating as to be shot at without result.”
The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (1898), Chapter X.
Early career years (1898–1929)
Variante: There is nothing more exhilarating than to be shot at with no result.
Speech given at Harrow School, Harrow, England, October 29, 1941. Quoted in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, 2008, p. 23
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Source: Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches
Contexte: Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.
“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile — hoping it will eat him last.”
In Reader's Digest (December 1954).
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Variante: An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.
“This is a War of the Unknown Warrior”
Broadcast (14 July 1940), quoted in Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill, 1939–1941 (London: Heinemann, 1983), p. 665
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Contexte: This is no war of chieftains or of princes, of dynasties or national ambition; it is a war of peoples and of causes. There are vast numbers, not only in this Island but in every land, who will render faithful service in this war, but whose names will never be known, whose deeds will never be recorded. This is a War of the Unknown Warrior; but let all strive without failing in faith or in duty, and the dark curse of Hitler will be lifted from our age.
Speech in the House of Commons, after taking office as Prime Minister (13 May 1940) This has often been misquoted in the form: "I have nothing to offer but blood, sweat and tears ..."
The Official Report, House of Commons (5th Series), 13 May 1940, vol. 360, c. 1502. Audio records of the speech do spare out the "It is" before the in the beginning of the "Victory"-Part.
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Contexte: You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
Contexte: I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government: 'I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.' We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
speech at Lord Mayor’s Luncheon, Mansion House, London, November 10, 1942 : ( partial text http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/EndoBegn.html)
Referring to the British victory over the German Afrika Korps at the Second Battle of El Alamein in Egypt.
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Variante: This is not the end, this is not even the beginning of the end, this is just perhaps the end of the beginning.
Source: Their Finest Hour
On Stanley Baldwin, as cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), Ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 322 ISBN 1586486381
Also quoted by Kay Halle in Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill's Wit http://books.google.com/books?id=b0MTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Occasionally+he+stumbled+over+the+truth+but+hastily+picked+himself+up+and+hurried+on+as+if+nothing+had+happened%22&pg=PA133#v=onepage (1966).
The 1930s
Variante: Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened.
Speech in the House of Commons, February 27, 1945 "Crimea Conference" http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1945/feb/27/crimea-conference#column_1294; in The Second World War, Volume VI: Triumph and Tragedy (1954), Chapter XXIII – Yalta: Finale.
The Second World War (1939–1945)
BBC broadcast (“The Russian Enigma”), London, October 1, 1939 ( partial text http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/RusnEnig.html, transcript of the "First Month of War" speech https://ww2memories.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/churchills-ww2-speech-to-the-nation-october-1939/).
The Second World War (1939–1945)
Contexte: I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma: but perhaps there is a key. That key is Russian national interest.
In "Painting as a Pastime", first published in the Strand Magazine in two parts (December 1921/January 1922), cited in Churchill by Himself (2008), ed. Langworth, PublicAffairs, p. 456 ISBN 1586486381
Early career years (1898–1929)
