Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, né le 30 novembre 1874 au palais de Blenheim et mort le 24 janvier 1965 à Londres, est un homme d'État britannique. Son action décisive en tant que Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni de 1940 à 1945, son rôle durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, joints à ses talents d'orateur et à ses bons mots en ont fait un des grands hommes politiques du XXe siècle. Ne disposant pas d'une fortune personnelle, il tire l'essentiel de ses revenus de sa plume. Ses dons d'écriture seront couronnés à la fin de sa vie par le prix Nobel de littérature. Il est également un peintre estimé.
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill appartient à la famille aristocratique Spencer, dont il est la plus brillante figure depuis le fondateur, son ancêtre John Churchill, 1er duc de Marlborough , auquel il a consacré une biographie. Fils d'un homme politique conservateur atypique n'ayant pas connu le succès escompté et mort relativement jeune, il ambitionne très vite de réussir dans ce domaine. De fait, s'il débute dans la carrière militaire et combat en Inde, au Soudan et lors de la seconde guerre des Boers, il y cherche surtout l'occasion de briller et de se faire connaître. Cette recherche de gloire lui vaut parfois un certain nombre d'inimitiés parmi ses pairs. Assez rapidement, en partie pour des questions financières – l'armée paie moins que le journalisme et il a besoin d'argent – il sert en tant que correspondant de guerre, écrivant des livres sur les campagnes auxquelles il participe. Bien plus tard, il sert brièvement sur le front de l'Ouest pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, comme commandant du 6e bataillon des Royal Scots Fusiliers.
Il est député durant la majeure partie de sa carrière politique, longue de près de soixante années, et occupe des postes ministériels pendant près de trente ans. Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, il est ministre du Commerce, secrétaire du Home Office et Premier Lord de l'Amirauté du gouvernement libéral d'Herbert Henry Asquith. À ce titre, il participe à la création des premières lois sociales de son pays et à un mouvement visant à restreindre l'importance de la Chambre des lords, deux éléments qui lui valent une forte inimitié de la part des conservateurs. Il reste à cette fonction jusqu'à la défaite britannique lors de la bataille des Dardanelles, dont il est tenu pour responsable, et qui provoque son éviction du gouvernement. Blanchi de ces accusations par une commission d'enquête parlementaire, il est rappelé comme ministre de l'Armement, secrétaire d'État à la Guerre et secrétaire d'État de l'air par David Lloyd George, alors Premier ministre.
Durant l'entre-deux-guerres, il quitte le Parti libéral et revient au Parti conservateur, avant de devenir chancelier de l'Échiquier. Son bilan à ce poste est mitigé. L'économie n'est pas son domaine de prédilection, à la différence de la politique étrangère et des affaires de stratégie militaire. Dans les années 1930, il n'est pas en phase avec le milieu politique d'alors. Les conservateurs qui dominent le parti ne l'apprécient pas et lui-même n'est pas un homme d'appareil. Il connaît une dizaine d'années de traversée du désert.
Il faut attendre le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour que Winston Churchill redevienne ministre en tant que Premier Lord de l'Amirauté. Après la démission de Neville Chamberlain, le 10 mai 1940, il devient Premier ministre du Royaume-Uni, les conservateurs l'ayant choisi plus par défaut que par adhésion. À 65 ans, alors le plus âgé des grands dirigeants alliés, il atteint le sommet de sa carrière politique. Il organise les forces armées britanniques et conduit le pays à la victoire contre les puissances de l'Axe. Ses discours et ses paroles marquent le peuple britannique et les forces alliées. Il permet également aux forces de la France libre, dirigées par Charles de Gaulle, pour lequel il éprouva une tumultueuse mais forte amitié, de s'imposer comme faisant partie des Alliés et comme seules représentantes de la France combattante durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
Après avoir perdu les élections législatives de 1945, il devient chef de l'opposition conservatrice, dénonçant dès 1946 le rideau de fer. Il occupe à nouveau la fonction de Premier ministre de 1951 à 1955, date de sa démission. Malade, il quitte en 1964 la Chambre des communes, où il siégeait depuis 1900.
En 1953, la reine Élisabeth II le fait chevalier de l'ordre de la Jarretière. À sa mort, elle le gratifie d'obsèques nationales qui, avec celles du pape Jean-Paul II en 2005, seront l'occasion de l'un des plus importants rassemblements d'hommes d'État ayant eu lieu dans le monde.
“Le succès n'est pas définitif, l'échec n'est pas fatal : c'est le courage de continuer qui compte.”
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Mein Kampf […] the new Koran of faith and war: turgid, verbose, shapeless, but pregnant with its message.
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Churchill ne compare pas Mein Kampf au Coran ; le mot "Coran" est à prendre ici au sens de "livre sacré et fondateur" et est synonyme de "Bible".
Source: voir le sens C du mot Coran : http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/coran
“Je n'ai à offrir que du sang, de la peine, des larmes et de la sueur.”
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.
Discours d'investiture.
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Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
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Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
Correspondance
“Jamais dans l'histoire des conflits, tant de gens n'ont dû autant à si peu.”
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
Discours sur la Royal Air Force durant la bataille d'Angleterre .
en
Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
“Il vaut mieux faire l'information que la recevoir; être un acteur plutôt qu'un critique.”
It is better to be making the news than taking it; to be an actor rather than a critic.
en
Democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time
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Wikiquote
Discours devant la chambre des Communes
My Early Life, 1874-1904
Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar.
Premier discours à la nation en tant que premier ministre.
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Wikiquote
Autres discours
“Jellicoe was the only man on either side who could lose the war in an afternoon.”
The World Crisis, 1916-1918 Part I : Chapter V (Jutland: The Preliminaries), Churchill, Butterworth (1927), pp. 112.
Early career years (1898–1929)
“Hence, we will not say that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroes fight like Greeks.”
Allegedly said regarding a Greek victory over Italian invaders, but without a documented source.
Disputed
A letter to a friend (1916).
Early career years (1898–1929)
“Why I am a Free Trader,” Chapter I in T.W. Stead’s journal Coming Men on Coming Questions (April 13, 1905), bottom p. 9.
Early career years (1898–1929)
“You have enemies? Good. That means you've stood up for something, sometime in your life.”
Often attributed to Churchill, this thought was originally expressed by the French author Victor Hugo in Villemain (1845), as follows: You have enemies? Why, it is the story of every man who has done a great deed or created a new idea. It is the cloud which thunders around everything that shines. Fame must have enemies, as light must have gnats. Do not bother yourself about it; disdain. Keep your mind serene as you keep your life clear.
Villemain is a brief segment taken from Hugo's Choses Vues (Things Seen), a running journal Hugo kept of events he witnessed. The original French versions of these journals were published after Hugo's death.
Misattributed
“My tastes are simple: I am easily satisfied with the best.”
Variante: I am easily satisfied with the very best.
“Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm”
Attribution debunked in Langworth's Churchill by Himself. The earliest close match located by the Quote Investigator is from the 1953 book How to Say a Few Words by David Guy Powers.
Misattributed
Variante: Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.
Source: 1953, How to Say a Few Words by David Guy Powers, Quote p. 109, Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York. Referenced by Quote Investigator http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/06/28/success
“It’s not enough that we do our best; sometimes we have to do what’s required.”
As cited in The Forbes Book of Business Quotations (2007), Ed. Goodwin, Black Dog Publishing, p. 168, ISBN 1579127215
Post-war years (1945–1955)
“The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter”
Attribution debunked in Langworth's Churchill by Himself. First known appearance is in a 1992 usenet post https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rec.arts.comics.misc/EMj3ZowKq1U/E0dsEBwdZEgJ.
Misattributed
Source: Google books link https://books.google.com/books?id=vbsU21fEhLAC&q=average+voter#v=snippet&q=average%20voter&f=false
“Kites rise highest against the wind, not with it.”
Variante: A kite flies against the wind, not with it.
“For myself I am an optimist - it does not seem to be much use to be anything else.”
Lord Mayor’s Banquet, Guildhall, London (9 November 1954) The Unwritten Alliance, page 195, Columbia University, NY (1966),page 195,
Post-war years (1945–1955)
“A fanatic is one who can't change his mind and won't change the subject.”
Variante: A fanatic is one who can't change his mind and won't change the subject.
“Continuous effort - not strength or intelligence - is the key to unlocking our potential.”
First mentioned as "Continuous effort — not strength or intelligence — is the key to unlocking and using our potential." according to Quote Investigator in the 1981 book The Reflecting Pond: Meditations for Self-Discovery by Liane Cordes, Quote Page 89, Hazelden Publishing, Center City, Minnesota. For further research on this quote see: Quote Investigator (August 31, 2013): Continuous Effort — Not Strength or Intelligence — Is the Key to Unlocking and Using Our Potential Winston Churchill? Liane Cordes? Liane Cardes? Apocryphal? Archived http://archive.is/E0M12 on June 2, 2020.
Source: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/08/21/effort/ from the original
“To improve is to change, so to be perfect is to have changed often.”
Winston Churchill (June 23, 1925), His complete speeches, 1897–1963, edited by Robert Rhodes James, Chelsea House ed., vol. 4 (1922–1928), p. 3706. During a debate with Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden.
Often misquoted as: To improve is to change, to be perfect is to change often.
Early career years (1898–1929)
“We are all worms. But I do believe I am a glow-worm.”
As quoted by Violet Bonham-Carter in Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (1965), according to The Yale Book of Quotations (2006), Fred R. Shapiro, Yale University Press, p. 155 ISBN 0300107986
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Source: Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill's Speeches
“We are masters of the unsaid words, but slaves of those we let slip out.”
Quoted in Words of Wisdom: Winston Churchill, Students’ Academy, Lulu Press (2014), Section Three : ISBN 1312396598
Post-war years (1945–1955)
The War by Land and Sea, Part IV, The London Magazine, January 1917.
Reproduced in The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, Vol I, Churchill at War, Centenary Edition (1976), Library of Imperial History, p. 147-8.
Early career years (1898–1929)
Contexte: The German hope is that if the frontiers can be unshakeably maintained for another year, a peace can be obtained which will relieve Germany from the consequences of the hideous catastrophe in which she has plunged the world, and leave her free to scheme and prepare a decisive stroke in another generation. Unless Germany is beaten in a manner which leaves no room for doubt or dispute, unless she is convinced by the terrible logic of events that the glory of her people can never be achieved by violent means, unless her war-making capacity after the war is sensibly diminished, a renewal of the conflict, after an uneasy and malevolent truce, seems unavoidable.
Speech at Kinnaird Hall, Dundee, Scotland ("Unemployment"), October 10, 1908, in Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909), Churchill, Echo Library (2007), p. 87
Early career years (1898–1929)
Contexte: What is the use of living, if it be not to strive for noble causes and to make this muddled world a better place for those who will live in it after we are gone? How else can we put ourselves in harmonious relation with the great verities and consolations of the infinite and the eternal? And I avow my faith that we are marching towards better days. Humanity will not be cast down. We are going on swinging bravely forward along the grand high road and already behind the distant mountains is the promise of the sun.
“The salvation of the common people of every race and of every land from war or servitude”
Speech at Zurich University (September 19, 1946) ( partial text http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html) ( http://www.peshawar.ch/varia/winston.htm).
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Contexte: The salvation of the common people of every race and of every land from war or servitude must be established on solid foundations and must be guarded by the readiness of all men and women to die rather than submit to tyranny.
“The new fire is laid, but the particular kind of match is missing.”
Vision of the Future Through Eyes of Science, News of the World, 31 October 1937
Reproduced in The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, Vol IV, Churchill at Large, Centenary Edition (1976), Library of Imperial History, p. 414.
The 1930s
Contexte: Three hundred years ago it would have seemed absurd to say that this black mineral, this sea-coal, which could be used as a substitute for wood to burn in one's grate, could be applied to revolutionize human affairs. Today we know that there is another source of energy a million times greater. We have not yet learned how to harness it or apply it, but it is there. Occasionally in complicated processes in the laboratory a scientist observes transmutations, re-arrangements in the core of the atom, which is known as the nucleus, which generate power at a rate hundreds of thousands of times greater than is produced when coal is burned and when, as the scientists put it, a carbon atom satisfied its affinity for an oxygen molecule. It can scarcely be doubted that a way to induce and control these effects can be found. The new fire is laid, but the particular kind of match is missing.
Speech in the House of Commons, July 8, 1920 "Amritsar" http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/am-text.htm ; at the time, Churchill was serving as Secretary of State for War under Prime Minister David Lloyd George
Early career years (1898–1929)
Contexte: However we may dwell upon the difficulties of General Dyer during the Amritsar riots, upon the anxious and critical situation in the Punjab, upon the danger to Europeans throughout that province, … one tremendous fact stands out – I mean the slaughter of nearly 400 persons and the wounding of probably three to four times as many, at the Jallian Wallah Bagh on 13th April. That is an episode which appears to me to be without precedent or parallel in the modern history of the British Empire. … It is an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation.
On Soviet communism and the Cold War, in a speech at Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946 ( complete text http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/Fulton.html). Churchill did not coin the phrase "iron curtain", however; the 1920 book Through Bolshevik Russia by English suffragette Ethel Snowden contained the line "We were behind the ‘iron curtain’ at last!" (This fact is mentioned in the article 'Anonymous was a Woman' http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2011_01/anon4651.html, Yale Alumni Magazine Jan/Feb 2011).
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Contexte: A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.
“How many wars have been averted by patience and persisting good will!”
The Second World War, Volume I : The Gathering Storm (1948) Chapter 17 (The Tragedy of Munich), p .287 http://books.google.de/books?id=HzlT3t05OHoC&pg=PA287&dq=churchill+the+gathering+storm+have+been+averted+by+patience+and+persisting+good+will!&hl=de&sa=X&ei=1355T-39C4jHsgb0t-mWBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Post-war years (1945–1955)
Contexte: Those who are prone, by temperament and character, to seek sharp and clear-cut solutions of difficult and obscure problems, who are ready to fight whenever some challenge comes from a foreign power, have not always been right. On the other hand, those whose inclination is to bow their heads, to seek patiently and faithfully for peaceful compromise, are not always wrong. On the contrary, in the majority of instances they may be right, not only morally, but from a practical standpoint. How many wars have been averted by patience and persisting good will! Religion and virtue alike lend their sanctions to meekness and humility, not only between men but between nations. How many wars have been precipitated by firebrands! How many misunderstandings which led to wars could have been removed by temporizing! How often have countries fought cruel wars and then after a few years found themselves not only friends but allies!
“Mr. Gandhi has gone very high in my esteem since he stood up for the untouchables”
G.D. Birla's account of his conversation with Churchill in a letter to Gandhi (September 1935), quoted in Martin Gilbert, Prophet of Truth: Winston S. Churchill, 1922–1939 (London: Minerva, 1990), p. 618
The 1930s
Contexte: Mr. Gandhi has gone very high in my esteem since he stood up for the untouchables … Well, you have the opportunity now. I do not like the [Indian Home Rule] Bill but it is now on the Statute Book. I am not going to bother any more, but do not give us a chance to say we anticipated a breakdown... So make it a success.... My test of improvement in the lot of the masses, morally as well as materially. I do not care whether you are more or less loyal to Great Britain … Tell Mr. Gandhi to use the powers that are offered and make the thing a success.
