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Witruwiusz cytaty
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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio – rzymski architekt żyjący w I w. p.n.e. Był konstruktorem machin wojennych za panowania Juliusza Cezara i Oktawiana Augusta. Twórca tzw. człowieka witruwiańskiego – wizerunku nagiego mężczyzny wpisanego w okrąg i kwadrat, symbolizujące ruch .

Witruwiusz zasłynął jako autor traktatu O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć, który powstał pomiędzy rokiem 20 p.n.e. a 10 p.n.e., a został odnaleziony dopiero w 1415 roku w bibliotece klasztoru St. Gallen w Szwajcarii, przez humanistę florenckiego Poggia. Dzieło to jest dzisiaj bezcennym źródłem wiedzy o architekturze i sztuce budowlanej starożytnych Greków i Rzymian. Witruwiusz opisuje w nim szczegółowo zarówno greckie porządki klasyczne, jak i ich rzymskie odmiany. Opisy były uzupełnione odpowiednimi ilustracjami - oryginalne rysunki jednak się nie zachowały. Omówione zostały również szeroko zasady stosowane przez Rzymian przy planowaniu miast i wznoszeniu budowli. W okresie nowożytnym wielu sławnych autorów wykonywało ilustracje do tego dzieła, próbując odtworzyć zaginione rysunki. Wikipedia  

✵ 80 p. n. e. – 15 p. n. e.
Witruwiusz Fotografia
Witruwiusz: 205 cytatów0 Polubień

Witruwiusz cytaty

„Architektura polega na zachowaniu trzech zasad: trwałości, użyteczności i piękna.”

Witruwiusz

Źródło: O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć

Witruwiusz: Cytaty po angielsku

“The reason why lime makes a solid structure on being combined with water and sand seems to be this: that rocks, like all other bodies, are composed of the four elements. Those which contain a larger proportion of air, are soft; of water, are tough from the moisture; of earth, hard; and of fire, more brittle. Therefore, if limestone, without being burned, is merely pounded up small and then mixed with sand and so put into the work, the mass does not solidify nor can it hold together. But if the stone is first thrown into the kiln, it loses its former property of solidity by exposure to the great heat of the fire, and so with its strength burnt out and exhausted it is left with its pores open and empty. Hence, the moisture and air in the body of the stone being burned out and set free, and only a residuum of heat being left lying in it, if the stone is then immersed in water, the moisture, before the water can feel the influence of the fire, makes its way into the open pores; then the stone begins to get hot, and finally, after it cools off, the heat is rejected from the body of the lime.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter V, Sec. 2

“The steps in front must be arranged so that there shall always be an odd number of them; for thus the right foot, with which one mounts the first step, will also be the first to reach the level of the temple itself.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book III, Chapter IV, Sec. 4

“All these soft kinds [of stone] have the advantage that they can be easily worked as soon as they have been taken from the quarries. Under cover, they play their part well; but in open and exposed situations the frost and rime make them crumble, and they go to pieces. On the seacoast, too, the salt eats away and dissolves them, nor can they stand great heat either.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VII, Sec. 2

“If the city is on the sea, we should choose ground close to the harbor as the place where the forum is to be built; but if inland, in the middle of the town.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VII "The Sites for Public Buildings" Sec. 1

“All machinery is derived from nature, and is founded on the teaching and instruction of the revolution of the firmament.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book X, Chapter I, Sec. 4

“They drew near, and observing that they were very comfortable standing before the warm fire, they put on logs and, while thus keeping it alive, brought up other people to it, showing them by signs how much comfort they got from it. In that gathering of men, at a time when utterance of sound was purely individual, from daily habits they fixed upon articulate words just as these had happened to come; then, from indicating by name things in common use, the result was that in this chance way they began to talk, and thus originated conversation with one another.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter I "The Origin of the Dwelling House" Sec. 1

“Since such very powerful kings have not disdained walls built of brick, although… they might often have had them not only of masonry or dimension stone but even of marble, I think that one ought not to reject buildings made of brick-work, provided that they are properly "topped."”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VIII, Sec. 16

“When the juices of trees have no means of escape, they clot and rot in them, making the trees hollow and good for nothing.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IX, Sec. 4

“All the gifts which fortune bestows she can easily take away; but education, when combined with intelligence, never fails, but abides steadily on to the very end of life.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 3
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VI

“On the top of the wall lay a structure of burnt brick, about a foot and a half in height, under the tiles and projecting like a coping. …when the tiles on the roof are broken or thrown down by the wind so that rain-water can leak through, this burnt brick coating will prevent the crude brick from being damaged, and the cornice-like projection will throw off the drops beyond the vertical face, and thus the walls, though of crude brick structure, will be preserved intact.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VIII, Sec. 18

“Owing to this favor I need to have no fear of want to the end of my life, and being thus laid under obligation I began to write this work for you, because I saw that you have built and are now building extensively, and that in future also you will take care that our public and private buildings shall be worthy to go down to posterity by the side of your other splendid achievements.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Preface, Sec. 3 (dedication to Imperator Caesar)
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I

“At first they set up forked stakes connected by twigs and covered these walls with mud. Others made walls of lumps of dried mud, covering them with reeds and leaves to keep out the rain and the heat. Finding that such roofs could not stand the rain during the storms of winter, they built them with peaks daubed with mud, the roofs sloping and projecting so as to carry off the rain water.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter I, Sec. 3

“Apollo at Delphi, through the oracular utterance of his priestess, pronounced Socrates the wisest of men. Of him it is related that he said with sagacity and great learning that the human breast should have been furnished with open windows, so that men might not keep their feelings concealed, but have them open to the view. Oh that nature, following his idea, had constructed them thus unfolded and obvious to the view.”
Delphicus Apollo Socratem omnium sapientissimum Pythiae responsis est professus. Is autem memoratur prudenter doctissimeque dixisse, oportuisse hominum pectora fenestrata et aperta esse, uti non occultos haberent sensus sed patentes ad considerandum. Utinam vero rerum natura sententiam eius secuta explicata et apparentia ea constituisset!

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Preface, Sec. 1
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book III

“Thales thought that water was the primordial substance of all things. Heraclitus of Ephesus… thought that it was fire. Democritus and his follower Epicurus thought that it was the atoms, termed by our writers "bodies that cannot be cut up" or, by some "indivisibles." The school of the Pythagoreans added air and the earthy to the water and fire. Hence, although Democritus did not in a strict sense name them, but spoke only of indivisible bodies, yet he seems to have meant these same elements, because when taken by themselves they cannot be harmed, nor are they susceptible of dissolution, nor can they be cut up into parts, but throughout time eternal they forever retain an infinite solidity.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter II "On the Primordial Substance according to the Physicists" Sec. 1

“Bricks should be made in Spring or Autumn so that they may dry uniformly.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter III, Sec. 2

“In the midst of all this great variety of subjects, an individual cannot attain to perfection in each, because it is scarcely in his power to take in and comprehend the general theories of them.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 13

“Voice is a flowing breath of air, perceptible to the hearing by contact. It moves in an endless number of circular rounds, like the innumerably increasing circular waves which appear when a stone is thrown into smooth water, and which keep on spreading indefinitely from the centre unless interrupted by narrow limits, or by some obstruction which prevents such waves from reaching their end in due formation. When they are interrupted by obstructions, the first waves, flowing back, break up the formation of those which follow.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Alternate translation: The voice is a flowing breath, made sensible to the organ of hearing by the movements it produces in the air. It is propagated in infinite numbers of circular zones, exactly as when a stone is thrown into a pool of standing water countless circular undulations are generated therein, which, increasing as they recede from the center, spread out over a great distance, unless the narrowness of the locality or some obstacle prevent their reaching their termination; for the first line or waves, when impeded by obstructions, throw by their backward swell the succeeding circular lines of waves into confusion. Quoted by Ernst Mach, The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development (1893, 1960) Tr. Thomas J. McCormack
Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book V, Chapter IV, Sec. 6

“Some people do indeed say that Eratosthenes could not have inferred the true measure of the earth. Whether true or untrue, it cannot affect the truth of what I have written on the fixing of the quarters from which the different winds blow.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI, Sec. 11

“Reflexion is careful and laborious thought, and watchful attention directed to the agreeable effect of one's plan. Invention, on the other hand, is the solving of intricate problems and the discovery of new principles by means of brilliancy and versatility.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter II, Sec. 2

“Heat is a universal solvent, melting out of things their power of resistance, and sucking away and removing their natural strength with its fiery exhalations so that they grow soft, and hence weak, under its glow.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter IV, Sec. 3

“This book does not show of what architecture is composed, but treats of the origin of the building art, how it was fostered, and how it made progress, step by step, until it reached its present perfection.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter I, Sec. 8

“Furthermore, since I have observed that our citizens are distracted with public affairs and private business, I have thought it best to write briefly, so that my readers, whose intervals of leisure are small, may be able to comprehend in a short time.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 3
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book V

“I will prefix the motives which originally gave rise to buildings and the development of inventions in this field, following in the steps of early nature and of those writers who have devoted treatises to the origins of civilization and the investigation of inventions. My exposition will, therefore, follow the instruction which I have received from them.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 5
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II

“The leaves of these [larch] trees are like those of the pine; timber from them comes in long lengths, is as easily wrought in joiner's work as is the clearwood of fir, and contains a liquid resin, of the color of Attic honey, which is good for consumptives.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IX, Sec. 17

“Next comes the consideration of stone quarries from which dimension stone and supplies of rubble to be used in building are taken and brought together.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VII "Stone" Sec. 1

“The system of fortification by wall and towers may be made safest by the addition of earthen ramparts.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter V, Sec. 5

“From food and water, then, we may learn whether sites are naturally unhealthy or healthy.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter IV, Sec. 10

“It is not as a very great philosopher, nor as an eloquent rhetorician, nor as a grammarian trained in the highest principles of his heart, that I have striven to write this work, but as an architect who has had only a dip into those studies.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 17

“Pytheos made a mistake by not observing that the arts are each composed of two things, the actual work and the theory of it. One of these, the doing of the work, is proper to men trained in the individual subject, while the other the theory is common to all scholars.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 15

“For not all things are practicable on identical principles”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book X, Chapter XVI, Sec. 5