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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio – rzymski architekt żyjący w I w. p.n.e. Był konstruktorem machin wojennych za panowania Juliusza Cezara i Oktawiana Augusta. Twórca tzw. człowieka witruwiańskiego – wizerunku nagiego mężczyzny wpisanego w okrąg i kwadrat, symbolizujące ruch .

Witruwiusz zasłynął jako autor traktatu O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć, który powstał pomiędzy rokiem 20 p.n.e. a 10 p.n.e., a został odnaleziony dopiero w 1415 roku w bibliotece klasztoru St. Gallen w Szwajcarii, przez humanistę florenckiego Poggia. Dzieło to jest dzisiaj bezcennym źródłem wiedzy o architekturze i sztuce budowlanej starożytnych Greków i Rzymian. Witruwiusz opisuje w nim szczegółowo zarówno greckie porządki klasyczne, jak i ich rzymskie odmiany. Opisy były uzupełnione odpowiednimi ilustracjami - oryginalne rysunki jednak się nie zachowały. Omówione zostały również szeroko zasady stosowane przez Rzymian przy planowaniu miast i wznoszeniu budowli. W okresie nowożytnym wielu sławnych autorów wykonywało ilustracje do tego dzieła, próbując odtworzyć zaginione rysunki. Wikipedia  

✵ 80 p. n. e. – 15 p. n. e.
Witruwiusz Fotografia
Witruwiusz: 205   Cytatów 0   Polubień

Witruwiusz cytaty

„Architektura polega na zachowaniu trzech zasad: trwałości, użyteczności i piękna.”

Witruwiusz

Źródło: O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć

O zachowaniu

Witruwiusz: Cytaty po angielsku

“They make a fine purple colour by treating bilberry in the same way and mixing it with milk.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VII, Chapter XIV, Sec. 2

“For neither talent without instruction nor instruction without talent can produce the perfect craftsman.”
Neque enim ingenium sine disciplina aut disciplina sine ingenio perfectum artificem potest efficere.

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Neither natural ability without instruction nor instruction without natural ability can make the perfect artist.
Morris Hicky Morgan translation
Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 3; translation by Frank Granger

“Wind is a flowing wave of air, moving hither and thither indefinitely. It is produced when heat meets moisture, the rush of heat generating a mighty current of air. That this is the fact we may learn from bronze eolipiles, and thus by means of a scientific invention discover a divine truth lurking in the laws of the heavens. Eolipiles are hollow bronze balls, with a very small opening through which water is poured into them. Set before a fire, not a breath issues from them before they get warm; but as soon as they begin to boil, out comes a strong blast due to the fire. Thus from this slight and very short experiment we may understand and judge of the mighty and wonderful laws of the heavens and the nature of winds.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI, Sec. 2

“It was a wise and useful provision of the ancients to transmit their thoughts to posterity by recording them in treatises, so that they should not be lost, but, being developed in succeeding generations through publications in books, should gradually attain in later times, to the highest refinement of learning.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 1
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VII

“As regards the efficacy of the art and the theories of it, I promise and expect that in these volumes I shall undoubtedly show myself of very considerable importance not only to builders but also to all scholars.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 17

“Burn shavings and splinters of pitch pine, and when they turn to charcoal, put them out, and pound them into mortar with size. This will make a pretty black for fresco painting.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VII, Chapter X, Sec. 3

“Consequently, limestone when taken out of the kiln… though its bulk remains the same as before, it is found to have lost about a third of its weight owing to the boiling out of the water. Therefore, its pores being thus opened and its texture rendered loose, it readily mixes with sand, and hence the two materials cohere as they dry, unite with the rubble, and make a solid structure.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter V, Sec. 3

“Philosophy treats of physics where a more careful knowledge is required because the problems which come under this head are numerous… So the reader of Ctesibius or Archimedes and the other writers of treatises of the same class will not be able to appreciate them unless he has been trained in these subjects by the philosophers.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 7

“As for principles of law, he should know those which are necessary in the case of buildings having party walls, with regard to water dripping from the eaves, and also the laws about drains, windows, and water supply. And other things of this sort should be known to architects, so that… they may be careful not to leave disputed points for the householders to settle after the works are finished, and so that in drawing up contracts the interests of both employer and contractor may be wisely safe-guarded.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 10

“There will be no propriety in the spectacle of an elegant interior approached by a low mean entrance.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter II, Sec. 6

“6 A wall is called isodomum when all the courses are of equal height; pseudisodomum, when the rows of courses do not match but run unequally. Both kinds are strong: first, because the rubble itself is of close texture and solid, unable to suck the moisture out of the mortar, but keeping it in its moist condition for a very long period; secondly, because the beds of the stones, being laid smooth and level to begin with, keep the mortar from falling, and, as they are bonded throughout the entire thickness of the wall, they hold together for a very long period.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VIII, Sec. 6

“Astronomers… have a common ground for discussion with musicians in the harmony of the stars and musical concords in tetrads and triads of the fourth and the fifth, and with geometricians in the subject of vision; and in all other sciences many points, perhaps all, are common so far as the discussion of them is concerned. But the actual undertaking of works which are brought to perfection by the hand and its manipulation is the function of those who have been specially trained to deal with a single art.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 16

“The oak… has not the efficacy of the fir, nor the cypress that of the elm.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IX, Sec. 5

“Taking courage and looking forward from the standpoint of higher ideas born of the multiplication of the arts, they gave up huts and began to build houses with foundations, having brick or stone walls, and roofs of timber and tiles; next, observation and application led them from fluctuating and indefinite conceptions to definite rules of symmetry. Perceiving that nature had been lavish in the bestowal of timber and bountiful in stores of building material, they… embellished them with luxuries.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter I, Sec. 7

“water from clay pipes is much more wholesome than that which is conducted through lead pipes, because lead is found to be harmful for the reason that white lead is derived from it, and this is said to be hurtful to the human system.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VIII, Chapter VI, Sec. 10

“It is no secret that the moon has no light of her own, but is, as it were, a mirror, receiving brightness from the influence of the sun.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book IX, Chapter II, Sec. 3

“Of course, we need not be surprised if artistic excellence goes unrecognized on account of being unknown; but there should be the greatest indignation when, as often, good judges are flattered by the charm of social entertainments into an approbation which is a mere a pretence.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 3
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book III

“If our designs for private houses are to be correct, we must at the outset take note of the countries and climates in which they are built.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VI, Chapter I, Sec. 1

“Bedrooms and libraries ought to have an eastern exposure, because their purposes require the morning light, and also because books in such libraries will not decay.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VI, Chapter IV, Sec. 1

“If one of these elements, heat, becomes predominant in any body whatsoever, it destroys and dissolves all the others with its violence. …Again if too much moisture enters the channels of a body, and thus introduces disproportion, the other elements, adulterated by the liquid, are impaired, and the virtues of the mixture dissolved. This defect, in turn, may arise from the cooling properties of moist winds and breezes blowing upon the body. In the same way, increase or diminution of the proportion of air or of the earthy which is natural to the body may enfeeble the other elements.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter IV, Sec. 6

“In order that the mortar in the joints may not suffer from frosts, drench it with oil-dregs every year before winter begins. Thus treated, it will not let the hoarfrost enter it.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VII, Chapter I, Sec. 6

“Pitsand used in masonry dries quickly, the stucco coating is permanent, and the walls can support vaultings. I am speaking of sand fresh from the sandpits. For if it lies unused too long after being taken out, it is disintegrated by exposure to sun, moon, or hoar frost, and becomes earthy. So when mixed in masonry, it has no binding power on the rubble, which consequently settles and down comes the load which the walls can no longer support.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IV, Sec. 3

“Fir: it contains a great deal of air and fire with very little moisture and the earthy, so that, as its natural properties are of the lighter class, it is not heavy. Hence, its consistence being naturally stiff, it does not easily bend under the load, and keeps its straightness when used in the framework. But it contains so much heat that it generates and encourages decay, which spoils it; and it also kindles fire quickly because of the air in its body, which is so open that it takes in fire and so gives out a great flame.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IX, Sec. 6

“A liberal education forms… a single body. Those, therefore, who from tender years receive instruction in the various forms of learning, recognize the same stamp on all the arts, and an intercourse between all studies, and so they more readily comprehend them all.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 12

“Hence, as the line of sight to the upper part is the longer, it makes that part look as if it were leaning back. But when the members are inclined to the front, as described above, they will seem the beholder to be plumb and perpendicular.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book III, Chapter V, Sec. 13

“If then, at this great distance, our human vision can discern that sight, why, pray, are we to think that the divine splendor of the stars can be cast into darkness?”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book IX, Chapter I, Sec. 12

“There will… be natural propriety in using an eastern light for bedrooms and libraries, a western light in winter for baths and winter apartments, and a northern light for picture galleries and other places in which a steady light is needed; for that quarter of the sky grows neither light nor dark with the course of the sun, but remains steady and unshifting all day long.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter II, Sec. 7

“Propriety is that perfection of style which comes when a work is authoritatively constructed on approved principles. It arises from prescription, from usage, or from nature.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter II, Sec. 5

“The diseases which are hard to cure in neighborhoods… are catarrh, hoarseness, coughs, pleurisy, consumption, spitting of blood, and all others that are cured not by lowering the system but by building it up. They are hard to cure, first, because they are originally due to chills; secondly, because the patient's system being already exhausted by disease, the air there, which is in constant agitation owing to winds and therefore deteriorated, takes all the sap of life out of their diseased bodies and leaves them more meager every day. On the other hand, a mild, thick air, without drafts and not constantly blowing back and forth, builds up their frames by its unwavering steadiness, and so strengthens and restores people who are afflicted with these diseases.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI, Sec. 3

“The word "universe" means the general assemblage of all nature, and it also means the heaven that is made up of the constellations and the courses of the stars.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book IX, Chapter I, Sec. 2