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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio – rzymski architekt żyjący w I w. p.n.e. Był konstruktorem machin wojennych za panowania Juliusza Cezara i Oktawiana Augusta. Twórca tzw. człowieka witruwiańskiego – wizerunku nagiego mężczyzny wpisanego w okrąg i kwadrat, symbolizujące ruch .

Witruwiusz zasłynął jako autor traktatu O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć, który powstał pomiędzy rokiem 20 p.n.e. a 10 p.n.e., a został odnaleziony dopiero w 1415 roku w bibliotece klasztoru St. Gallen w Szwajcarii, przez humanistę florenckiego Poggia. Dzieło to jest dzisiaj bezcennym źródłem wiedzy o architekturze i sztuce budowlanej starożytnych Greków i Rzymian. Witruwiusz opisuje w nim szczegółowo zarówno greckie porządki klasyczne, jak i ich rzymskie odmiany. Opisy były uzupełnione odpowiednimi ilustracjami - oryginalne rysunki jednak się nie zachowały. Omówione zostały również szeroko zasady stosowane przez Rzymian przy planowaniu miast i wznoszeniu budowli. W okresie nowożytnym wielu sławnych autorów wykonywało ilustracje do tego dzieła, próbując odtworzyć zaginione rysunki. Wikipedia  

✵ 80 p. n. e. – 15 p. n. e.
Witruwiusz Fotografia
Witruwiusz: 205   Cytatów 0   Polubień

Witruwiusz cytaty

„Architektura polega na zachowaniu trzech zasad: trwałości, użyteczności i piękna.”

Witruwiusz

Źródło: O architekturze ksiąg dziesięć

O zachowaniu

Witruwiusz: Cytaty po angielsku

“One who in accordance with these notes will take pains in selecting his method of construction, may count upon having something that will last.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VIII, Sec. 8

“Thus by such victory, not by machines but in oppositions to the principle to the principles of machines, has the freedom of states been preserved by the cunning of architects.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book X, Chapter XVI, Sec. 12

“His strange appearance made the people turn round, and this led Alexander to look at him. In astonishment he gave orders to make way for him to draw near, and asked who he was. "Dinocrates," quoth he, "a Macedonian architect, who brings thee ideas and designs worthy of thy renown. I have made a design for the shaping of Mount Athos into the statue of a man, in whose left hand I have represented a very spacious fortified city, and in his right a bowl to receive the water of all the streams which are in that mountain, so that it may pour from the bowl into the sea."”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 2
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II

“What is called "sponge stone" or "Pompeian pumice" appears to have been reduced by burning from another kind of stone to the condition of the kind which we see. The kind of sponge-stone taken from this region is not produced everywhere else, but only about Aetna and among the hills of Mysia which the Greeks call the "Burnt District," and in other places of the same peculiar nature. …it seems to be certain that moisture has been extracted from the tufa and earth, by the force of fire, just as it is from limestone in kilns.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VI, Sec. 2-3

“Architecture depends on Order, Arrangement, Eurythmy, Symmetry, Propriety, and Economy.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter II "The Fundamental Principles of Architecture" Sec. 1

“Fresh pitsand, however, in spite of all its excellence in concrete structures, is not equally useful in stucco, the richness of which, when the lime and straw are mixed with such sand, will cause it to crack as it dries on account of the great strength of the mixture. But river sand, though useless in "signinum" on account of its thinness, becomes perfectly solid in stucco when thoroughly worked by means of polishing instruments.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IV, Sec. 3

“All things… appear to be made up and produced by the coming together of these elements, so that they have been distributed by nature among an infinite number of kinds of things. Hence I believed it right to treat of the diversity and practical peculiarities of these things as well as of the qualities which they exhibit in buildings, so that persons who are intending to build may understand them and so make no mistake, but may gather materials which are suitable to use in their buildings.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter II, Sec. 2

“There are three departments of architecture: the art of building, the making of time-pieces, and the construction of machinery.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter III "The Departments of Architecture" Sec. 1

“In a word, the opinions of learned authors, though their bodily forms are absent, gain strength as time time goes on, and, when taking part in councils and discussions, have greater weight than those of any living men.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 17
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book IX

“There are also half bricks. …As the bricks are always laid so as to break joints, this lends strength and a not unattractive appearance to both sides of such walls.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter III, Sec. 4

“There are the breezes of early morning; for the sun on emerging from beneath the earth strikes humid air as he returns, and as he goes climbing up the sky he spreads it out before him, extracting breezes from the vapor that was there before the dawn.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI, Sec. 11

“Architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their pains, while those who relied only upon theories and scholarship were obviously hunting the shadow, not the substance. But those who have a thorough knowledge of both, like men armed at all points, have the sooner attained their object and carried authority with them.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 2

“Pozzolana.—There is… a kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results. It is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, but even when piers of it are constructed in the sea, they set hard under water.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VI "Pozzolana" Sec. 1

“When the morning breezes blow toward the town at sunrise, if they bring with them mists from marshes and, mingled with the mist, the poisonous breath of the creatures of the marshes to be wafted into the bodies of the inhabitants, they will make the site unhealthy.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter IV "The Site of a City" Sec. 1

“In fact, all kinds of men, and not merely architects, can recognize a good piece of work…”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VI, Chapter VIII, Sec. 10

“The architect should be equipped with knowledge of many branches of study and varied kinds of learning, for it is by his judgement that all work done by the other arts is put to test. This knowledge is the child of practice and theory.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I "The Education of the Architect" Sec. 1

“When his companions wished to return to their country, and asked him what message he wished them to carry home, he bade them say this: that children ought to be provided with property and resources of a kind that could swim with them even out of a shipwreck.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Introduction, Sec. 1
De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VI

“The difference between "machines" and "engines" is obviously this, that machines need more workmen and greater power to make them take effect, as for instance ballistae and the beams of presses. Engines, on the other hand, accomplish their purpose at the intelligent touch of a single workman,…”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book X, Chapter I, Sec. 3

“The fact is that pictures which are unlike reality ought not be approved, and even if they are technically fine, this is no reason why they should offhand be judged to be correct, if their subject is lacking in the principles of reality carried out with no violations.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VII, Chapter V, Sec. 4

“There are… many… names for winds derived from localities or from the squalls which sweep from rivers or down mountains.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI, Sec. 10

“The design of a temple depends on symmetry, the principles of which must be most carefully observed by the architect.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book III, Chapter I, Sec. 1

“In the states of Maxilua and Callet, in Further Spain, as well as in Pitane in Asia Minor, there are bricks which, when finished and dried, will float on being thrown into water. The reason why they can float seems to be that the clay of which they are made is like pumice-stone. So it is light, and also it does not, after being hardened by exposure to the air, take up or absorb liquid. …They have therefore great advantages; for they are not heavy to use in building and, once made, they are not spoiled by bad weather.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter III, Sec. 4

“Hence, water ought by no means to be conducted in lead pipes, if we want to have it wholesome. That the taste is better when it comes from clay pipes may be proved by everyday life, for though our tables are loaded with silver vessels, yet everybody uses earthenware for the sake of purity of taste.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book VIII, Chapter VI, Sec. 11

“Towns should be laid out not as an exact square nor with salient angles, but in circular form, to give a view of the enemy from many points. Defense is difficult where there are salient angles because the angle protects the enemy rather than the inhabitants.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter V, Sec. 2

“The elm and the ash… when put in shape for use in buildings… are tough and having no stiffness… soon bend. But when they become dry with age, or are allowed to lose their sap… they get harder, and from their toughness supply a strong material for dowels to be used in joints and other articulations.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter IX, Sec. 11

“As for philosophy, it makes an architect high-minded and not self-assuming, but rather renders him courteous, just, and honest without avariciousness. This is very important, for no work can be rightly done without honesty and incorruptibility.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter I, Sec. 7

“For we must not build temples according to the same rules to all gods alike, since the performance of the sacred rites varies with the various gods.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book IV, Chapter VIII, Sec. 6

“There are two styles of walls "opus reticulatum," now used by everybody and the ancient style called "opus incertum." Of these, the reticulatum looks better, but its construction makes it likely to crack… On the other hand, in the opus incertum, the rubble lying in courses and imbricated, makes a wall which though not beautiful, is stronger.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book II, Chapter VIII "Methods of Building Walls" Sec. 1

“Marshes that are stagnant and have no outlets either by rivers or ditches, like the Pomptine marshes, merely putrefy as they stand, emitting heavy, unhealthy vapors. A case of a town built in such a spot was Old Salpia in Apulia… Year after year there was sickness, until finally the suffering inhabitants came with a public petition to Marcus Hostilius and got him to agree to seek and find them a proper place to which to remove their city.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter IV, Sec. 12

“Cold winds are disagreeable, hot winds enervating, moist winds unhealthy.”

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Vitruvius książka De architectura

Źródło: De architectura (The Ten Books On Architecture) (~ 15BC), Book I, Chapter VI "The Directions of the Streets with Remarks on the Winds" Sec. 1