Aleksandra Kołłontaj cytaty

Aleksandra Michajłowna Kołłontaj – rosyjska komunistka i rewolucjonistka, najpierw członkini partii mienszewików, a od 1914 – partii bolszewików; pierwsza w świecie kobieta pełniąca funkcję ministra i ambasadora.

Kołłontaj urodziła się w zamożnej, szlacheckiej rodzinie, jako córka Michaiła Domontowicza, carskiego generała z czasów wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej w latach 1877-1878 oraz szefa kancelarii ambasady rosyjskiej w Bułgarii w latach 1878-1879, i Aleksandry Masalin-Mrawińskiej, córki bogatego fińskiego handlarza drewnem.

W 1893 przeciwstawiając się rodzinie wyszła za biednego oficera Władimira Kołłontaja. Działalność socjalistyczną w ruchu robotniczym podjęła w końcu XIX wieku, opuściła męża i dzieci. W 1914 roku, po powrocie z wieloletniego wygnania w Ameryce i krajach Skandynawii, na które była zmuszona udać się za wcześniejszą działalność polityczną, wstąpiła do partii bolszewików. Po rewolucji październikowej w 1917 roku została komisarzem ludowym do spraw społecznych. Była najbardziej wpływową kobietą w radzieckiej administracji i w 1919 roku utworzyła Żenotdieł, zwany „Ministerstwem Kobiet”. Instytucja ta pracowała dla poprawy warunków życia kobiet w Rosji Radzieckiej, prowadząc działalność propagandową i edukacyjną wśród kobiet w kwestii małżeństw, edukacji i praw robotników, które zaprowadziła Rewolucja. Działalność ta po latach przyczyniła się do określania Kołłontaj jako socjalistycznej feministki. Żenotdzieł został ostatecznie zlikwidowany w 1930 roku.

Historyk Norman Davies określił ją jako apostołkę wolnej miłości. W wewnętrznych sporach w ramach RPK Kołłontaj była blisko poglądowo lewicowemu komunizmowi i Opozycji Robotniczej , postulującej zwiększenie roli związków zawodowych i wpływu pracowników na zarządzanie radziecką gospodarką. W publikowanych pracach opowiadała się za poprawą warunków życiowych klasy pracującej w Związku Radzieckim.

W latach 1918-1922 jej mężem był Pawieł Dybienko.

Kołłontaj była niezwykle uzdolniona językowo. Poza rosyjskim potrafiła porozumieć się w następujących językach: angielskim, francuskim, niemieckim, norweskim, szwedzkim, fińskim i hiszpańskim. Oczywiście znała te języki w różnym stopniu.

Po śmierci Lenina i dojściu Stalina do władzy została skutecznie odsunięta od wydarzeń politycznych i możliwości wpływania na ich bieg. Ograniczono również jej możliwość propagowania własnych poglądów. Następnie zmuszono do objęcia funkcji ambasadora w Meksyku, Szwecji i Norwegii, jako jedna z nielicznych „starych bolszewików” uniknęła śmierci podczas stalinowskich wielkich czystek w latach 30. XX wieku. Później została sprowadzona do roli symbolu zaangażowania kobiet po stronie bolszewików.

✵ 31. Marzec 1872 – 9. Marzec 1952
Aleksandra Kołłontaj Fotografia
Aleksandra Kołłontaj: 33   Cytaty 0   Polubień

Aleksandra Kołłontaj cytaty

„Konserwatywna prasa, a szczególnie rosyjska prasa białej emigracji, była oburzona i usiłowała przedstawić mnie jako okrutnie niemoralny, żądny krwi postrach ludzkości.”

słowa z 1926, wspominające okres, gdy 11 marca 1924 objęła funkcję ambasadora ZSRR w Norwegii.
Źródło: Kronika kobiet pod red. Mariana B. Michalika, wyd. Kronika – Marian B. Michalik, Warszawa 1993, ISBN 8390033100, s. 451.

Aleksandra Kołłontaj: Cytaty po angielsku

“If I have attained something in this world, it was not my personal qualities that originally brought this about. Rather my achievements are only a symbol of the fact that woman, after all, is already on the march to general recognition.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)
Kontekst: If I have attained something in this world, it was not my personal qualities that originally brought this about. Rather my achievements are only a symbol of the fact that woman, after all, is already on the march to general recognition. It is the drawing of millions of women into productive work, which was swiftly effected especially during the war and which thrust into the realm of possibility the fact that a woman could be advanced to the highest political and diplomatic positions. Nevertheless it is obvious that only a country of the future, such as the Soviet Union, can dare to confront woman without any prejudice, to appraise her only from the standpoint of her skills and talents, and, accordingly, to entrust her with responsible tasks. Only the fresh revolutionary storms were strong enough to sweep away hoary prejudices against woman and only the productive-working people is able to effect the complete equalization and liberation of woman by building a new society.

“Nothing is more difficult than writing an autobiography.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)
Kontekst: Nothing is more difficult than writing an autobiography. What should be emphasized? Just what is of general interest? It is advisable, above all, to write honestly and dispense with any of the conventional introductory protestations of modesty. For if one is called upon to tell about one's life so as to make the events that made it what it became useful to the general public, it can mean only that one must have already wrought something positive in life, accomplished a task that people recognize. Accordingly it is a matter of forgetting that one is writing about oneself, of making an effort to abjure one's ego so as to give an account, as objectively as possible, of one's life in the making and of one's accomplishments.

“Only the fresh revolutionary storms were strong enough to sweep away hoary prejudices against woman and only the productive-working people is able to effect the complete equalization and liberation of woman by building a new society.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)
Kontekst: If I have attained something in this world, it was not my personal qualities that originally brought this about. Rather my achievements are only a symbol of the fact that woman, after all, is already on the march to general recognition. It is the drawing of millions of women into productive work, which was swiftly effected especially during the war and which thrust into the realm of possibility the fact that a woman could be advanced to the highest political and diplomatic positions. Nevertheless it is obvious that only a country of the future, such as the Soviet Union, can dare to confront woman without any prejudice, to appraise her only from the standpoint of her skills and talents, and, accordingly, to entrust her with responsible tasks. Only the fresh revolutionary storms were strong enough to sweep away hoary prejudices against woman and only the productive-working people is able to effect the complete equalization and liberation of woman by building a new society.

“I always believed that the time inevitably must come when woman will be judged by the same moral standards applied to man. For it is not her specific virtue that gives her a place of honor in human society, but the worth of the useful mission accomplished by her, the worth of her personality as human being, as citizen, as thinker, as fighter.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)
Kontekst: By looking back while prying, simultaneously, into the future, I will also be presenting to myself the most crucial turning points of my being and accomplishments. In this way I may succeed in setting into bold relief that which concerns the women's liberation struggle and, further, the social significance which it has. That I ought not to shape my life according to the given model, that I would have to grow beyond myself in order to be able to discern my life's true line of vision was an awareness that was mine already in my youngest years. At the same time I was also aware that in this way I could help my sisters to shape their lives, in accordance not with the given traditions but with their own free choice to the extent, of course, that social and economic circumstances permit. I always believed that the time inevitably must come when woman will be judged by the same moral standards applied to man. For it is not her specific virtue that gives her a place of honor in human society, but the worth of the useful mission accomplished by her, the worth of her personality as human being, as citizen, as thinker, as fighter. Subconsciously this motive was the leading force of my whole life and activity. To go my way, to work, to struggle, to create side by side with men, and to strive for the attainment of a universal human goal (for nearly thirty years, indeed, I have belonged to the Communists) but, at the same time, to shape my personal, intimate life as a woman according to my own will and according to the given laws of my nature. It was this that conditioned my line of vision.

“I could not lead a happy, peaceful life when the working population was so terribly enslaved.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)

“My life was as crammed with strenuous work and highly interesting experiences alike.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)

“I am still far from being the type of the positively new women who take their experience as and working women contemporaries, were able to understand that love was not the main goal of our life and that we knew how to place work at its center. Nevertheless we would have been able to create and achieve much more had our energies not been fragmentized in the eternal struggle with our egos and with our feelings for another. It was, in fact, an eternal defensive war against the intervention of the male into our ego, a struggle revolving around the problem-complex: work or marriage and love? We, the older generation, did not yet understand, as most men do and as young women are learning today, that work and the longing for love can be harmoniously combined so that work remains as the main goal of existence. Our mistake was that each time we succumbed to the belief that we had finally found the one and only in the man we loved, the person with whom we believed we could blend our soul, one who was ready fully to recognize us as a spiritual-physical force. But over and over again things turned out differently, since the man always tried to impose his ego upon us and adapt us fully to his purposes. Thus despite everything the inevitable inner rebellion ensued, over and over again since love became a fetter. We felt enslaved and tried to loosen the love-bond. And after the eternally recurring struggle with the beloved man, we finally tore ourselves away and rushed toward freedom. Thereupon we were again alone, unhappy, lonesome, but free–free to pursue our beloved, chosen ideal… work. Fortunately young people, the present generation, no longer have to go through this kind of struggle which is absolutely unnecessary to human society. Their abilities, their work-energy will be reserved for their creative activity. Thus the existence of barriers will become a spur.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)

“I wanted to be free. I wanted to express desires on my own, to shape my own little life.”

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman (1926)

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