“The Gramams are presided over by six Smarthas, who are presidents of the assemblies at which caste offences are tried. Such assemblies in former times required the sanction of the ruling chieftain, who, on representation made that a caste offence had been committed, issued orders to the local Smartha to hold an enquiry.”

Malabar Manual, Page 121 https://archive.org/details/MalabarLogan/page/n133
Malabar Manual (1887)

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William Logan (author) 10
Scottish writer 1841–1914

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