“As I later thought about the bowling contest, I became convinced I had discovered something important: the relationship between individual performance and group structure. I believed then (and still believe now) that this relationship can be observed in all manner of group activities.”

—  William Foote Whyte

Source: Participant observer, 1994, p. 84; As cited in: Ickis (2014)

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William Foote Whyte 17
American sociologist 1914–2000

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William Foote Whyte photo

“At the alley that night, I was fascinated and a bit awed by what I had witnessed. Here was the social structure in action right on the bowling alleys. It held the individual members in their places—and me along with them. I did not stop to reason then that, as a close friend of Pecci, Frank, and Gillo, I held a position that was close to the top of the gang and therefore was expected to excel. I simply felt myself buoyed up by the situation. My friends were for me, had confidence in me, believed I would bowl well. I felt supremely confident. I have never felt quite that way before—or since. I was feeling the impact of the group structure upon me. It was a strange feeling, as if something larger than myself was controlling the ball as I went through my swing and released it toward the pins.”

William Foote Whyte (1914–2000) American sociologist

Source: Participant observer, 1994, p. 38; As cited in: Ickis (2014)

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