Herbert A. Simon book Administrative Behavior
Source: 1940s-1950s, Administrative Behavior, 1947, p. 100.
Living Systems: Basic Concepts (1969)
Herbert A. Simon book Administrative Behavior
Source: 1940s-1950s, Administrative Behavior, 1947, p. 100.
“But it's exactly the other way around for an out-group member.”
Robert Trivers (1943) American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist
As quoted in Science at the Edge: Conversations with the Leading Scientific Thinkers of Today (2008), p. 170
Context: People are often unconscious of some of the mechanisms that naturally occur in them in a biased way. For example, if I do something that is beneficial to you or to others, I will use the active voice: I did this, I did that, then benefits rained down on you. But if I did something that harmed others, I unconsciously switch to a passive voice: this happened, then that happened, then unfortunately you suffered these costs. One example I always loved was a man in San Francisco who ran into a telephone pole with his car, and he described it to the police as, "the pole was approaching my car, I attempted to swerve out-of-the-way, when it struck me."
Let me give you another, the way in which group membership can entrain language-usages that are self-deceptive. You can divide people into in-groups or out-groups, or use naturally occurring in-groups and out-groups, and if someone's a member of your in-group and they do something nice, you give a general description of it – "he's a generous person". If they do something negative, you state a particular fact: "in this case he misled me", or something like that. But it's exactly the other way around for an out-group member. If an out-group member does something nice, you give a specific description of it: "she gave me directions to where I wanted to go". But if she does something negative, you say, "she's a selfish person". So these kinds of manipulations of reality are occurring largely unconsciously.
“The strength of the team is each individual member. The strength of each member is the team.”
Phil Jackson (1945) basketball player and coach from the United States
Jonathan Haidt (1963) American psychologist
Source: The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion
Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) German sociologist, philosopher and musicologist known for his critical theory of society
“Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda,” The Essential Frankfurt School Reader (1982), p. 123
Olaf Stapledon book Star Maker
Source: Star Maker (1937), Chapter XIII: The Beginning and the End; 3. The Supreme Moment and After (p. 162)
Geert Hofstede (1928) Dutch psychologist
Source: Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (1980), p. 25; as cited in Rüdiger Pieper (1990) Human Resource Management: An International Comparison. p. 130.
Ed Bradley (1941–2006) News correspondent
[Encyclopedia of Television News, Michael D. Murray, 1998, 1573561088, Greenwood]
About
Russell L. Ackoff (1919–2009) Scientist
Ackoff’s (1994) The Democratic Corporation: A Radical Prescription for Recreating Corporate America and Rediscovering Success. p. 117 cited in: Stuart A. Umpleby and Eric B. Dent. (1999) "The Origins and Purposes of Several Traditions. in Systems Theory and Cybernetics". in Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal, Vol 30. pp. 79-103.
1990s