Thomas Carlyle cytaty
strona 3

Thomas Carlyle , szkocki pisarz społeczny, historyk i filozof historii, propagator i współtwórca specyficznej historiozofii zwanej heroizmem. Bardzo wpływowy w czasach wiktoriańskich, oddziałał też szeroko na myśl prawicową.

Poślubił Jane Baillie Welsh , od r. 1865 był rektorem uniwersytetu w Edynburgu. Rewolucyjnym i zgorzkniałym nastrojom epoki Byrona przeciwstawił ewangelię wypełniania swego obowiązku, opowiadając się za reformami społecznymi i organizacją pracy. Niwelacyjnej sile tendencji demokratycznych przeciwstawił kult herosów. W walce przeciwko mechanicznemu poglądowi na świat, uwielbieniu większości i utylitaryzmowi wysuwał jako istotną treść życia rozwój najwyższych, ponadindywidualnych wartości człowieka. W społeczeństwie i państwie ci tylko rządzić powinni, którzy czują w sobie przemożny pęd do władzy. Carlyle jednak powodzenie woli zmierzającej do potęgi utożsamiał z jej usprawiedliwieniem, brał je za dowód idealizmu zwróconego stale ku celom ponad osobowym, i w tym leży słabość i niebezpieczeństwo jego nauki, wywodzącej się ze szkockiego purytanizmu i idealizmu niemieckiego. Politycznie odegrał dużą rolę jako teoretyk imperializmu, podejmujący ideę misji dziejowej narodu angielskiego, która objąć ma świat cały. Z pism Carlyle wymienić należy przede wszystkim rozważania filozoficzno-historyczne „Bohaterowie. Cześć dla bohaterów i pierwiastek bohaterstwa w historii” , dzieła o rewolucji francuskiej, o Fryderyku II. pruskim. Jego „Sartora Resartusa, życie i zdania Pana Teufelsdröckha” przeł. Sygurd Wiśniowski .

Pod wpływem fascynacji niemieckim romantyzmem porzucił kalwinizm. Jego dług wobec filozofii romantycznej widoczny jest w tłumaczeniu Lat nauki Wilhelma Meistra Goethego i książce Life of Schiller. Z romantyzmu Carlyle czerpie przede wszystkim daleko posunięty indywidualizm .

Podstawowym tematem myśli Carlyle'a jest heros, jednostka wybitna, górująca nad masami siłą aktywności życiowej, przede wszystkim moralnej. W podkreśleniu właśnie przewagi moralnej a nie np. intelektualnej herosa widoczny jest wpływ purytanizmu. Mimo to Carlyle antycypuje antropologię Nietzschego.

Germanofil. Zagorzały miłośnik Fryderyka Wielkiego, a także autor jego historii .

Wydaje się, że specyficzna maniera jego umysłowości wywarła znaczny wpływ na formy współczesnej kultury masowej, np. powieść fantasy czy kino akcji. Jego wpływ na myśl prawicową to przede wszystkim widoczny w niej opór wobec myśli Karola Marksa, że byt określa świadomość, jako że heros Carlyle'a może i musi walczyć z naporem generowanych przez naturę i poddany jej motłoch treści, w heroistycznym języku określanych jako potwory.

Stąd historiozofia Carlyle'a nie uznaje żadnych praw dziejowych, w szczególności deterministycznych praw ekonomii, a historię przedstawia na płaszczyślie kosmologicznej jako sekwencję powtarzalnych walk wybitnych jednostek ze złem .

Zobacz też: heroizm, elitaryzm, filozofia historii, antydemokratyzm, kontrrewolucja.



✵ 4. Grudzień 1795 – 5. Luty 1881   •   Natępne imiona Томас Карлайл
Thomas Carlyle Fotografia
Thomas Carlyle: 494   Cytaty 6   Polubień

Thomas Carlyle słynne cytaty

„Staraj się zostać uczciwym człowiekiem – zyskasz dzięki temu pewność, że na świecie jest o jednego drania mniej.”

Źródło: Wielka księga mądrości, wybór Jacek i Tomasz Ilga

Thomas Carlyle cytaty

„Kapitanowie przemysłu.”

Captains of Industry. (ang.)
Źródło: Przeszłość i teraźniejszość (ang. Past and Present) 4, 4

„Szczęśliwi ludzie, których dzieje nie wypełniają podręczników historii.”

Happy the people whose annals are blank in history books! (ang.)

Thomas Carlyle: Cytaty po angielsku

“Worship is transcendent wonder; wonder for which there is now no limit or measure; that is worship.”

1840s, Heroes and Hero-Worship (1840), The Hero as Divinity
Kontekst: Cannot we understand how these men worshipped Canopus; became what we call Sabeans, worshipping the stars? Such is to me the secret of all forms of Paganism. Worship is transcendent wonder; wonder for which there is now no limit or measure; that is worship.

“Reverence for Human Worth, earnest devout search for it and encouragement of it, loyal furtherance and obedience to it: this, I say, is the outcome and essence of all true "religions," and was and ever will be.”

1850s, Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), Downing Street (April 1, 1850)
Kontekst: What a People are the poor Thibet idolaters, compared with us and our "religions," which issue in the worship of King Hudson as our Dalai-Lama! They, across such hulls of abject ignorance, have seen into the heart of the matter; we, with our torches of knowledge everywhere brandishing themselves, and such a human enlightenment as never was before, have quite missed it. Reverence for Human Worth, earnest devout search for it and encouragement of it, loyal furtherance and obedience to it: this, I say, is the outcome and essence of all true "religions," and was and ever will be. We have not known this. No; loud as our tongues sometimes go in that direction, we have no true reverence for Human Intelligence, for Human Worth and Wisdom: none, or too little,—and I pray for a restoration of such reverence, as for the change from Stygian darkness to Heavenly light, as for the return of life to poor sick moribund Society and all its interests. Human Intelligence means little for most of us but Beaver Contrivance, which produces spinning-mules, cheap cotton, and large fortunes. Wisdom, unless it give us railway scrip, is not wise. True nevertheless it forever remains that Intellect is the real object of reverence, and of devout prayer, and zealous wish and pursuit, among the sons of men; and even, well understood, the one object.

“On these terms they, for their part, embark in the sacred cause; resolute to cure a world's woes by rose-water; desperately bent on trying to the uttermost that mild method. It seems not to have struck these good men that no world, or thing here below, ever fell into misery, without having first fallen into folly, into sin against the Supreme Ruler of it, by adopting as a law of conduct what was not a law, but the reverse of one; and that, till its folly, till its sin be cast out of it, there is not the smallest hope of its misery going,—that not for all the charity and rose-water in the world will its misery try to go till then!”

1850s, Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), Model Prisons (March 1, 1850)
Kontekst: Among the articulate classes, as they may be called, there are two ways of proceeding in regard to this. One large body of the intelligent and influential, busied mainly in personal affairs, accepts the social iniquities, or whatever you may call them, and the miseries consequent thereupon; accepts them, admits them to be extremely miserable, pronounces them entirely inevitable, incurable except by Heaven, and eats its pudding with as little thought of them as possible. Not a very noble class of citizens these; not a very hopeful or salutary method of dealing with social iniquities this of theirs, however it may answer in respect to themselves and their personal affairs! But now there is the select small minority, in whom some sentiment of public spirit and human pity still survives, among whom, or not anywhere, the Good Cause may expect to find soldiers and servants: their method of proceeding, in these times, is also very strange. They embark in the "philanthropic movement;" they calculate that the miseries of the world can be cured by bringing the philanthropic movement to bear on them. To universal public misery, and universal neglect of the clearest public duties, let private charity superadd itself: there will thus be some balance restored, and maintained again; thus,—or by what conceivable method? On these terms they, for their part, embark in the sacred cause; resolute to cure a world's woes by rose-water; desperately bent on trying to the uttermost that mild method. It seems not to have struck these good men that no world, or thing here below, ever fell into misery, without having first fallen into folly, into sin against the Supreme Ruler of it, by adopting as a law of conduct what was not a law, but the reverse of one; and that, till its folly, till its sin be cast out of it, there is not the smallest hope of its misery going,—that not for all the charity and rose-water in the world will its misery try to go till then!

“Cash Payment has become the sole nexus of man to men!”

Źródło: 1840s, Chartism (1840), Ch. 6, Laissez-Faire.
Kontekst: O reader, to what shifts is poor Society reduced, struggling to give still some account of herself, in epochs when Cash Payment has become the sole nexus of man to men!

“That, on the whole, if you have got the intrinsic qualities, you have got everything, and the preliminaries will prove attainable; but that if you have got only the preliminaries, you have yet got nothing.”

1850s, Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), Stump Orator (May 1, 1850)
Kontekst: That, on the whole, if you have got the intrinsic qualities, you have got everything, and the preliminaries will prove attainable; but that if you have got only the preliminaries, you have yet got nothing. A man of real dignity will not find it impossible to bear himself in a dignified manner; a man of real understanding and insight will get to know, as the fruit of his very first study, what the laws of his situation are, and will conform to these.

“Cash Payment the sole nexus; and there are so many things which cash will not pay!”

Źródło: 1840s, Chartism (1840), Ch. 7, Not Laissez-Faire.
Kontekst: Cash Payment the sole nexus; and there are so many things which cash will not pay! Cash is a great miracle; yet it has not all power in Heaven, nor even on Earth. 'Supply and demand' we will honour also; and yet how many 'demands' are there, entirely indispensable, which have to go elsewhere than to the shops, and produce quite other than cash, before they can get their supply? On the whole, what astonishing payments does cash make in this world!

“In the lowest broad strata of the population, equally as in the highest and narrowest, are produced men of every kind of genius; man for man, your chance of genius is as good among the millions as among the units;—and class for class, what must it be! From all classes, not from certain hundreds now but from several millions, whatsoever man the gods had gifted with intellect and nobleness, and power to help his country, could be chosen”

1850s, Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), Downing Street (April 1, 1850)
Kontekst: In the lowest broad strata of the population, equally as in the highest and narrowest, are produced men of every kind of genius; man for man, your chance of genius is as good among the millions as among the units;—and class for class, what must it be! From all classes, not from certain hundreds now but from several millions, whatsoever man the gods had gifted with intellect and nobleness, and power to help his country, could be chosen: O Heavens, could,—if not by Tenpound Constituencies and the force of beer, then by a Reforming Premier with eyes in his head, who I think might do it quite infinitely better. Infinitely better. For ignobleness cannot, by the nature of it, choose the noble: no, there needs a seeing man who is himself noble, cognizant by internal experience of the symptoms of nobleness.

“For ignobleness cannot, by the nature of it, choose the noble: no, there needs a seeing man who is himself noble, cognizant by internal experience of the symptoms of nobleness.”

1850s, Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), Downing Street (April 1, 1850)
Kontekst: In the lowest broad strata of the population, equally as in the highest and narrowest, are produced men of every kind of genius; man for man, your chance of genius is as good among the millions as among the units;—and class for class, what must it be! From all classes, not from certain hundreds now but from several millions, whatsoever man the gods had gifted with intellect and nobleness, and power to help his country, could be chosen: O Heavens, could,—if not by Tenpound Constituencies and the force of beer, then by a Reforming Premier with eyes in his head, who I think might do it quite infinitely better. Infinitely better. For ignobleness cannot, by the nature of it, choose the noble: no, there needs a seeing man who is himself noble, cognizant by internal experience of the symptoms of nobleness.

“A loving heart is the beginning of all knowledge.”

Article on Biography.
1820s, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (1827–1855)
Wariant: For love is ever the beginning of Knowledge, as fire is of light.

“Music is well said to be the speech of angels.”

The Opera (1852).
1820s, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (1827–1855)

“The greatest of faults, I should say, is to be conscious of none.”

1840s, Heroes and Hero-Worship (1840), The Hero as Prophet

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