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Robert Houghwout Jackson cytaty
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Robert Houghwout Jackson – prokurator generalny Stanów Zjednoczonych w latach 1940–1941 i sędzia Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych , w głównym procesie norymberskim oskarżyciel z ramienia USA .

Urodził się w Spring Creek w stanie Pensylwania. Rozpoczął karierę zawodową jako radca prawny, następnie objął funkcję prokuratora podlegającego gubernatorowi Nowego Jorku Franklina Delano Roosevelta . Później podjął pracę w Waszyngtonie, gdzie otrzymał urząd prokuratora generalnego i w 1941 został sędzią Sądu Najwyższego. Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej wybrano go jako jednego z prokuratorów oskarżających o zbrodnie wojenne. Po zakończeniu procesu powrócił do Sądu Najwyższego w Waszyngtonie, gdzie pracował do śmierci.

26 czerwca 1946 roku Uniwersytet Warszawski przyznał mu tytuł doktora honoris causa. Jego postać pojawiała się m.in. w filmie Epilog norymberski , gdzie jego rolę zagrał Andrzej Łapicki, oraz miniserialu pt. Norymberga , w którym jego rolę zagrał Alec Baldwin.





== Przypisy ==

✵ 13. Luty 1892 – 9. Październik 1954
Robert Houghwout Jackson Fotografia
Robert Houghwout Jackson: 101 cytatów0 Polubień

Robert Houghwout Jackson słynne cytaty

„Zło, które chcemy potępić i ukarać było tak skalkulowane, tak złe i niszczące, że cywilizacja nie mogła tolerować dalszego jego ignorowania, ponieważ nie mogłaby przetrwać, gdyby je powtórzono.”

Robert Houghwout Jackson

Źródło: Howard J. Langer, Księga najważniejszych postaci II wojny światowej, tłum. Marek Rudowski, wyd. Bellona, Warszawa 2008, ISBN 9788311111110, s. 350

„Nigdy nie wolno zapomnieć, że zapis, na podstawie którego sądziliśmy tych oskarżonych, jest zapisem na podstawie którego historia może nas jutro osądzić. Podając tym oskarżonym kielich z trucizną, równocześnie podajemy go do własnych ust.”

Robert Houghwout Jackson

oświadczenie wygłoszone w czasie procesu norymberskiego.
Źródło: Vivien Spitz, Doktorzy z piekła rodem. Przerażające świadectwo nazistowskich eksperymentów na ludziach, Wydawnictwo Replika, 2009, s. 61.

„Jednego możemy być pewni. Przyszłe pokolenia nie będą musiały pytać z dezaprobatą: a czy naziści mieli możność powiedzenia czegoś na swoją obronę. Jest faktem, że zeznania oskarżonych usunęły wszelkie wątpliwości co do ich winy. Sami pomogli w podpisaniu własnego wyroku.”

Robert Houghwout Jackson

Źródło: Bogusław Wołoszański, Ten okrutny wiek, Wydawnictwo Colori, Warszawa 1995, ISBN 8390497204, s. 245–246.

„Nie będziemy ich sądzić za przegranie wojny, ale za to, że w ogóle ją rozpoczęli.”

Robert Houghwout Jackson

o zbrodniarzach nazistowskich sądzonych w Norymberdze.
Źródło: José María López Ruiz, Tyrani i zbrodniarze. Najwięksi nikczemnicy w dziejach świata, tłum. Agata Ciastek, Dom Wydawniczy Bellona, Warszawa 2006, s. 269

„Funkcją naszego rządu nie jest powstrzymywanie obywatela przed popełnianiem błędów; natomiast do zadań obywatela należy powstrzymywanie rządu przed popełnianiem błędów.”

Robert Houghwout Jackson

Robert Houghwout Jackson: Cytaty po angielsku

“Our protection against all kinds of fanatics and extremists, none of whom can be trusted with unlimited power over others, lies not in their forbearance but in the limitations of our Constitution.”

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Robert H. Jackson

American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382, 439 (1950)
Judicial opinions

“No one will question that this power is the most dangerous one to free government in the whole catalogue of powers. It usually is invoked in haste and excitement when calm legislative consideration of constitutional limitation is difficult. It is executed in a time of patriotic fervor that makes moderation unpopular. And, worst of all, it is interpreted by judges under the influence of the same passions and pressures. Always, as in this case, the Government urges hasty decision to forestall some emergency or serve some purpose and pleads that paralysis will result if its claims to power are denied or their confirmation delayed.”

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Robert H. Jackson

On the "war power"; Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co., 333 U.S. 138, 146 (1948) (concurring)
Judicial opinions

“But we must not forget that in our country are evangelists and zealots of many different political, economic and religious persuasions whose fanatical conviction is that all thought is divinely classified into two kinds — that which is their own and that which is false and dangerous.”

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Robert H. Jackson

American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382, 438 (1950)
Judicial opinions

“The prosecutor has more control over life, liberty, and reputation, than any other person in America.”

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Robert H. Jackson

"The Federal Prosecutor" (1940)

“The day that this country ceases to be free for irreligion it will cease to be free for religion — except for the sect that can win political power.”

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Robert H. Jackson

343 U.S. 325
Judicial opinions, Zorach v. Clauson (1952)

“Each of these men made a real contribution to the Nazi plan. Each man had a key part. Deprive the Nazi regime of the functions performed by a Schacht, a Sauckel, a Von Papen, or a Goering and you have a different regime. Look down the rows of fallen men and picture them as the photographic and documentary evidence shows them to have been in their days of power. Is there one who did not substantially advance the conspiracy along its bloody path toward its bloody goal? Can we assume that the great effort of these men's lives was directed toward ends they never suspected?”

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Robert H. Jackson

Summation for the Prosecution, July 26, 1946
Quotes from the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946)

“No longer may the head of a state consider himself outside of the law, and impose inhuman acts on the peoples of the world.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Regarding the Nuremberg Trials
New York Times Obituary (October 10, 1954)

“But when notice is a person's due, process which is a mere gesture is not 'due process.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950)
Judicial opinions

“If we concede to the State power and wisdom to single out "duly constituted religious" bodies as exclusive alternatives for compulsory secular instruction, it would be logical to also uphold the power and wisdom to choose the true faith among those "duly constituted." We start down a rough road when we begin to mix compulsory public education with compulsory godliness.”

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Robert H. Jackson

343 U.S. 325
Judicial opinions, Zorach v. Clauson (1952)

“We must never forget that the record on which we judge these defendants is the record on which history will judge us tomorrow. To pass these defendants a poisoned chalice is to put it to our own lips as well.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Nuremberg Tribunal.
Opening Address to the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials (10 November 1945)
Quotes from the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946)

“Nothing in our Constitution is plainer than that declaration of a war is entrusted only to Congress. Of course, a state of war may in fact exist without a formal declaration. But no doctrine that the Court could promulgate would seem to me more sinister and alarming than that a President whose conduct of foreign affairs is so largely uncontrolled, and often even is unknown, can vastly enlarge his mastery over the internal affairs of the country by his own commitment of the Nation's armed forces to some foreign venture.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) (concurring)
Judicial opinions

“No penance would ever expiate the sin against free government of holding that a President can escape control of executive powers by law through assuming his military role.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) (concurring)
Judicial opinions

“The plans of Adolf Hitler for aggression were just as secret as Mein Kampf, of which over six million copies were published in Germany. He not only openly advocated overthrowing the Treaty of Versailles, but made demands which went far beyond a mere rectification of its alleged injustices (GB-128). He avowed an intention to attack neighboring states and seize their lands, which he said would have to be won with "the power of a triumphant sword."”

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Robert H. Jackson

Here, for every German to hearken to, were the "ancestral voices prophesying war."
Summation for the Prosecution, July 26, 1946
Quotes from the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946)

“We can afford no liberties with liberty itself.”

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Robert H. Jackson

United States v. Spector, 343 US 169, 180 (1952) (dissenting)
Judicial opinions

“Of course, such judicial misconstruction theoretically can be cured by constitutional amendment. But the period of gestation of a constitutional amendment, or of any law reform, is reckoned in decades usually; in years, at least. And, after all, as the Court itself asserted in overruling the minimum-wage cases, it may not be the Constitution that was at fault.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Źródło: The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy: A Study in Crisis in American Power Politics (1941), P. 297

“But an escape less self-depreciating was taken by Lord Westbury, who, it is said, rebuffed a barrister's reliance upon an earlier opinion of his Lordship: "I can only say that I am amazed that a man of my intelligence should have been guilty of giving such an opinion". If there are other ways of gracefully and good-naturedly surrendering former views to a better considered position, I invoke them all.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Quoting Lord Westbury. McGrath v. Kristensen, 340 U.S. 162, 178 (1950) (concurring)
Judicial opinions

“Something happens to a man when he puts on a judicial robe, and I think it ought to. The change is very great and requires psychological change within a man to get into an attitude of deciding other people's controversies, instead of waging them. It really calls for quite a changed attitude. Some never make it - and I am not sure I have.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Reported in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, 4 The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789-1969, 2563 (1969)

“The office of the lawyer, however poorly filled, is too delicate, personal and confidential to be occupied by a corporation.”

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Robert H. Jackson

"Functions of the Trust Company in the Field of Law", 52 New York State Bar Association Report 142 (1929)

“Korematsu was born on our soil, of parents born in Japan. The Constitution makes him a citizen of the United States by nativity, and a citizen of California by residence. No claim is made that he is not loyal to this country. There is no suggestion that apart from the matter involved here, he is not law-abiding and well-disposed. Korematsu, however, has been convicted of an act not commonly a crime. It consists merely of being present in the state whereof he is a citizen, near the place where he was born, and where all his life he has lived.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Judicial opinions, Korematsu v. United States (1944)

“While the Declaration was directed against an excess of authority, the Constitution was directed against anarchy.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Źródło: The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy: A Study in Crisis in American Power Politics (1941), P. 8

“I should say the defendants have done just that for which they are indicted. If I might agree to their conviction without creating a precedent, I cheerfully would do so. I can see in their teachings nothing but humbug, untainted by any trace of truth. But that does not dispose of the constitutional question whether misrepresentation of religious experience or belief is prosecutable; it rather emphasizes the danger of such prosecutions.”

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Robert H. Jackson

78 U.S. 92.
Judicial opinions, United States v. Ballard (1944)

“The Court's reasoning adds up to this: The Commission must be sustained because of its accumulated experience in solving a problem with which it had never before been confronted! I give up. Now I realize fully what Mark Twain meant when he said, 'The more you explain it, the more I don't understand it.”

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Robert H. Jackson

SEC v. Chenery Corporation, 332 U.S. 194, 213 (1947) (dissenting)
Judicial opinions

“I do not know whether it is the view of the Court that a judge must be thick-skinned or just thick-headed, but nothing in my experience or observation confirms the idea that he is insensitive to publicity. Who does not prefer good to ill report of his work? And if fame — a good public name — is, as Milton said, the "last infirmity of noble mind", it is frequently the first infirmity of a mediocre one.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Craig v. Harney, 331 U. S. 367, 396 (1947)
Judicial opinions

“Often his name was, in a generation or two, forgotten. It was from this brotherhood that America has drawn its statesmen and its judges. A free and self-governing Republic stands as a monument for the little-known and unremembered as well as for the famous men of our profession.”

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Robert H. Jackson

"Tribute to Country Lawyers: A Review", 30 A.B.A Journal 139 (1944)

“We granted certiorari, and in this Court the parties changed positions as nimbly as if dancing a quadrille.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 87 (1953)
Judicial opinions

“Our people do not want barren theories from their democracy. Maury Maverick has expressed very quaintly, but clearly, what they really want when he says: 'We Americans want to talk, pray, think as we please — and eat regular.”

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Robert H. Jackson

Speech to the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco (1939), reported in Eugene C. Gerhart, America's Advocate: Robert H. Jackson (1958), p. 456

“Men are more often bribed by their loyalties and ambitions than by money.”

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Robert H. Jackson

United States v. Wunderlich, 342 U.S. 98, 103 (1951)
Judicial opinions

“If certain acts of violation of treaties are crimes, they are crimes whether the United States does them or whether Germany does them, and we are not prepared to lay down a rule of criminal conduct against others which we would not be willing to have invoked against us.”

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Robert H. Jackson

International Conference on Military Trials, London, 1945, Dept. of State Pub.No. 3080 (1949), p. 330
Quotes from the Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946)

“It is possible to hold a faith with enough confidence to believe that what should be rendered to God does not need to be decided and collected by Caesar.”

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Robert H. Jackson

343 U.S. 324-325
Judicial opinions, Zorach v. Clauson (1952)

“The power of citizenship as a shield against oppression was widely known from the example of Paul's Roman citizenship, which sent the centurion scurrying to his higher-ups with the message: "Take heed what thou doest: for this man is a Roman."”

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Robert H. Jackson

Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160, 182 (1941)
Judicial opinions

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