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Julien Benda cytaty

Julien Benda, wym. ʒyliɛ̃ bɑ̃:'da – francuski krytyk, filozof i pisarz znany głównie z książki „Zdrada klerków” .

Julien Benda urodził się w zamożnym środowisku. Jego dziadek, Sigmund Benda, należał do wielkiej belgijskiej burżuazji, jakiś czas przewodniczył Radzie Gminy Żydowskiej, w 1849 r. popelnił samobójstwo z powodu bankructwa. Ojciec, Camille Benda , zamierzał zostać inżynierem. W 1849 r. przeniósł się do Paryża, założył firmę eksportową i dorobił się fortuny. Matka, Anna, wywodziła się z paryskiej dzielnicy żydowskiej Marais. Rodzice Juliena Bendy nie byli religijni, czuli przywiązanie do wartości związanych z Rewolucją francuską.

Julien Benda ukończył studia historyczne na Sorbonie. Po śmierci ojca prowadził życie światowca, gdy firma splajtowała, zaczął utrzymywać się z pisania. Mimo aktywnej działalności literackiej Benda był przekonany, że nauka jest działalnością bardziej wartościową niż literatura i stał w opozycji do Henri Bergsona, czołowego filozofia francuskiego tamtych czasów.

Jego najbardziej znana książka to Zdrada klerków . „Klerk” to niezaangażowany twórca, oddający się przyjemności „tworzenia dla tworzenia”, czy to w dziedzinie sztuki, czy nauki. Jak pisał Benda, „królestwo klerka nie jest z tego świata”. Klerk jest estetą, nie opowiadającym się za czymkolwiek, co z „tego świata jest”. W szczególności, nie chce tego świata zmieniać.

W Zdradzie klerków Benda stwierdza, że na przełomie XIX i XX wieku wielu francuskich i niemieckich klerków dokonało „zdrady”, głosząc idee, które miały „zmienić oblicze świata”. Do zdrajców „klerkizmu” zaliczał między innymi Nietzschego, Sorela, Maurrasa czy Barrèsa.

Większość pisarstwa Bendy przypada na ostatnie trzydzieści lat jego życia.

W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym za zwolenników ideału klerka można uważać Karola Irzykowskiego i Jana Emila Skiwskiego. Wikipedia  

✵ 26. Grudzień 1867 – 7. Czerwiec 1956
Julien Benda: 19   Cytatów 0   Polubień

Julien Benda: Cytaty po angielsku

“Up until our own times men had only received two sorts of teaching in what concerns the relations between politics and morality. One was Plato’s and it said: “Morality decides politics”; and the other was Machiavelli’s, and it said “Politics have nothing to do with morality.” Today we receive a third. M. Maurras teaches: “Politics decide morality.””

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 110

“The modern clercs have created in so-called cultivated society a positive romanticism of harshness. The have also created a romanticism of contempt.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 143

“If shame is cried upon him, … he will point out … that today he has to earn his living, and that it is not his fault if he is eager to support the class which takes a pleasure in his productions.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 158–159

“The true clerc is Vauvenargues, Lamarck, Fresnel, … Spinoza, Schiller, Baudelaire, César Franck, who were never diverted from single-hearted adoration of the beautiful and the divine by the necessity of earning their daily bread. But such clercs are inevitably rare. … The rule is that the living creature condemned to struggle for life turns to practical passions, and thence to the sanctifying of those passions.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 159

“One of the principle causes is that the modern world has made the clerc into a citizen, subject to all the responsibilities of a citizen, and consequently to despise lay passions is far more difficult for him than for his predecessors.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 158

“What these thinkers despise in the man of study is precisely the man who … does not predicate the capture of its environment by the species, or who, if he does predicate it, as the scientist does by his discoveries, retains for himself only the joy of knowledge and abandons the practical exploitation of his discoveries to others.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 148

“When Machiavelli advises the Prince to carry out the Machiavellian scheme of action, he invests those actions with no sort of morality or beauty. For him morality remains what it is for everyone else, and does not cease to remain so because he observes (not without melancholy) that it is incompatible with politics. … For him evil, even if it aids politics, still remains evil. The modern realists are the moralists of realism. For them, the act which makes the State strong is invested with a moral character by the fact that it does so, and this whatever the act may be. The evil which serves politics ceases to be evil and becomes good.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 107-108

“The modern moralists extol … the cult of practical activity in defiance of the disinterested life.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 146

“That teaching according to which intellectual activity is worthy of esteem to the extent that it is practical and to that extent alone.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 151

“The desire to abase the values of knowledge before the values of action…”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 148

“From his loftiest pulpit the modern clerc assures man that he is great in proportion as he is practical.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 150

“I think I see another motive in the French writers who in 1914 adopted the attitude of M. Romain Rolland – the fear that they would fall into national partiality if they admitted that their nation was in the right. It may be asserted that these writers would have warmly taken up the cause of France, if France had not been their own country. Whereas Barrès said, "I always maintain my country is right even if it is in the wrong," these strange friends of justice are not unwilling to say: "I always maintain my country is in the wrong, even if it is right."”

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Julien Benda

There again we see that the frenzy of impartiality, like any other frenzy, leads to injustice.
Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 187–188

“Christianity exhorted man to set himself up against Nature, but did so in the name of his spiritual and disinterested attributes. Pragmatism exhorts him to do so in the name of his practical attributes. Formerly man was divine because he had been able to acquire the concept of justice, the idea of law, the sense of God; today he is divine because he has been able to create equipment which makes him the master of matter.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 126-127 (regarding homo faber)

“For M. Maurras the practical is the divine, and his “atheism” consists less in denying God than in shifting him to man and his political work. … It is the divinizing of politics.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 108

“Teachers … preach “the superiority of the intelligence”; but they preach it because in their opinion it is the intelligence which shows us the actions required for our interests, i. e. from exactly the same passion for the practical.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 151

“Philosophy, which formerly raised man to feel conscious of himself because he was a thinking being and to say, ‘I think therefore I am,” now raises him to say … “I think, therefore I am not,” (unless he takes thought into consideration only in that humble region where it is confused with action).”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 149

“That teaching of modern metaphysics which exhorts man to feel comparatively little esteem for the truly thinking portion of himself and to honor the active and willing part of himself with all his devotion…”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), p. 149

“Since the Greeks the predominant attitude of thinkers towards intellectual activity was to glorify it insofar as (like aesthetic activity) it finds its satisfaction in itself, apart from any attention to the advantages it may procure. Most thinkers would have agreed with … Renan’s verdict that the man who loves science for its fruits commits the worst of blasphemies against that divinity. … The modern clercs have violently torn up this charter. They proclaim the intellectual functions are only respectable to the extent that they are bound up with the pursuit of concrete advantage.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 151–152

“Formerly, leaders of states practiced realism, but did not honor it… With them morality was violated, but moral notions remained intact. … The modern governor, owing to the fact that he addresses crowds, is compelled to be a moralist, and to present his acts as bound up with a system of morality.”

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Julien Benda

Źródło: Treason of the Intellectuals (1927), pp. 110-111

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