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Démocrite d’Abdère , né vers 460 av. J.-C. à Abdère et mort en 370 av. J.-C., est un philosophe grec considéré comme un philosophe matérialiste en raison de sa conception d'un Univers constitué d'atomes et de vide.

Il a été un disciple de Leucippe, le fondateur de l'atomisme ; Diogène Laërce attribua injustement l'ouvrage de Démocrite à propos de l'atomisme à Épicure. Ses contributions exactes sont difficiles à démêler de celles de son mentor Leucippe, car ils sont souvent mentionnés ensemble dans les textes des doxographes. Leurs spéculations sur les atomes se rapprochent de la compréhension du XIXe siècle de la structure atomique qui a conduit certains à considérer Démocrite comme le plus scientifique des philosophes grecs, mais leurs idées reposaient sur des bases très différentes. Largement ignoré dans l'Athènes antique, Démocrite était pourtant bien connu de son compatriote Aristote. Platon, lui, aurait tellement détesté Démocrite qu'il a souhaité que tous ses livres fussent brûlés. Aujourd'hui, beaucoup considèrent Démocrite comme le « père de la science moderne ».

Le concept de Démocrite, écrit en grec antique « η ιδέα ά-τομος » se traduirait par « E idéa atomos », composé de « idée » et de « insécable » ou « inséqué ». Mais « ά-τομος », un adjectif accordé en genre et en nombre, peut être traduit par « non-coupé » ou « non-sécable », plutôt que par « atome » en tant que substantif du genre neutre au sens moderne. Le substantif « atome » est apparu plus tard avec le sens de « partie de matière indivisible », chez Aristote, dans le Nouveau Testament, etc. Ce sont les physiciens modernes qui ont conçu « un atome » petit, corpusculaire, et nommé ainsi parce qu'initialement supposé par erreur « insécable . En 2015, le mot « το άτομο » , substantif neutre, signifie surtout, très communément, en Grèce : « individu, personne », ce qui est non seulement logique, mais d’une importance capitale pour notre sujet.

Il est souvent classé parmi les présocratiques du point de vue philosophique, bien qu'il soit un peu plus jeune que Socrate, et qu'il soit mort quelque trente années après lui.

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Démocrite Citations

“La parole est l'ombre de l'action.”

Thrasyle affirme que ce mot est de Démocrite ; et que ce dernier prétendait qu'un philosophe ressemble à un athlète.
Citation

Démocrite: Citations en anglais

“Strength and beauty are the blessings of youth; temperance, however, is the flower of old age.”

Fragment quoted in H. Diels and W. Kranz (eds.) Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Vol. II (1952), no. 294; reference taken from Webster's New World Dictionary of Quotations (2005), p. 261

“If one choose the goods of the soul, he chooses the diviner [portion]; if the goods of the body, the merely mortal.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Those who have a well-ordered character lead also a well-ordered life.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Moderation multiplies pleasures, and increases pleasure.”

Freeman (1948), p. 163
Variante: Moderation increases enjoyment, and makes pleasure even greater.

“A life without a holiday is like a long journey without an inn to rest at.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Men achieve tranquillity through moderation in pleasure and through the symmetry of life. Want and superfluity are apt to upset them and to cause great perturbations in the soul. The souls that are rent by violent conflicts are neither stable nor tranquil. One should therefore set his mind upon the things that are within his power, and be content with his opportunities, nor let his memory dwell very long on the envied and admired of men, nor idly sit and dream of them. Rather, he should contemplate the lives of those who suffer hardship, and vividly bring to mind their sufferings, so that your own present situation may appear to you important and to be envied, and so that it may no longer be your portion to suffer torture in your soul by your longing for more. For he who admires those who have, and whom other men deem blest of fortune, and who spends all his time idly dreaming of them, will be forced to be always contriving some new device because of his [insatiable] desire, until he ends by doing some desperate deed forbidden by the laws. And therefore one ought not to desire other men's blessings, and one ought not to envy those who have more, but rather, comparing his life with that of those who fare worse, and laying to heart their sufferings, deem himself blest of fortune in that he lives and fares so much better than they. Holding fast to this saying you will pass your life in greater tranquillity and will avert not a few of the plagues of life—envy and jealousy and bitterness of mind.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“The hopes of the right-minded may be realized, those of fools are impossible.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Neither art nor wisdom may be attained without learning.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Not from fear but from a sense of duty refrain from your sins.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“No power and no treasure can outweigh the extension of our knowledge.”

Durant (1939), Ch. XVI, §II, p. 354; citing J. Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, London, 1881, vol. 1, p. 149.

“The pleasures that give most joy are the ones that most rarely come.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Democritus said he would rather discover a single demonstration than win the throne of Persia.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“An evil and foolish and intemperate and irreligious life should not be called a bad life, but rather, dying long drawn out.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Strength of body is nobility in beasts of burden, strength of character is nobility in men.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Sweet exists by convention, bitter by convention, colour by convention; atoms and Void [alone] exist in reality. (trans. Freeman 1948), p. 92.”

By convention sweet is sweet, bitter is bitter, hot is hot, cold is cold, color is color; but in truth there are only atoms and the void. (trans. Durant 1939), Ch. XVI, §II, p. 353; citing C. Bakewell, Sourcebook in Ancient Philosophy, New York, 1909, "Fragment O" (Diels), p. 60

“It is hard to fight desire; but to control it is the sign of a reasonable man.”

Freeman (1948), p. 165
Variante: It is hard to fight with desire; but to overcome it is the mark of a rational man.

“The animal needing something knows how much it needs, the man does not.”

Freeman (1948), p. 162
Variante: The needy animal knows how much it needs, but the needy man does not.

“For a man petticoat government is the limit of insolence.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Fame and wealth without wisdom are unsafe possessions.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Making money is not without its value, but nothing is baser than to make it by wrong-doing.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“Verily we know nothing. Truth is buried deep.”

Another translation: "Of truth we know nothing, for truth is in a well." Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers R.D. Hicks, Ed. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0004,001:9:11
Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Fragments

“[I would] rather discover one cause than gain the kingdom of Persia.”

Freeman (1948), p. 155
Durant (1939),Ch. XVI, §II, p. 352, citinas G.Grote, Plato and the Other Companions of Socrates (London, 1875), vol. 1, p. 68; and citing C. Bakewell, Sourcebook in Ancient Philosophy, New York, 1909, p. 62.
Variante: I would rather discover a single demonstration [in geometry] than become king of the Persians.

“Seek after the good, and with much toil shall ye find it; the evil turns up of itself without your seeking it.”

Source Book in Ancient Philosophy (1907), The Golden Sayings of Democritus

“To a wise man, the whole earth is open; for the native land of a good soul is the whole earth.”

Freeman (1948), p. 166
Durant (1939), Ch. XVI, §II, p. 352 (footnote); citing F. Uberweg, History of Philosophy, New York, 1871, vol. 1, p. 71.
Variante: To a wise and good man the whole earth is his fatherland.

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