“The development of design principles based on objective visual tests, experience, and logic; the pursuit of research in the physiological and psychological effects of color; and investigations in perceptibility and readability in typography are being carried on in other fields… such a movement in cartography cannot fail to materialize”

— Arthur H. Robinson

Source: The Look of Maps (1952), p. 13-14; As cited in: Clifford H. Wood, C. Peter Keller (1996) Cartographic design: theoretical and practical perspectives. p. 21

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Arthur H. Robinson 18

American geographer 1915–2004

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“Typography is two-dimensional architecture, based on experience and imagination, and guided by rules and readability. And this is the purpose of typography: The arrangement of design elements within a given structure should allow the reader to easily focus on the message, without slowing down the speed of his reading.”

Hermann Zapf (1918–2015) German type-designer, calligrapher, author and artist

“Two developments of the past four decades played crucial roles in establishing a research agenda for the study of map symbolization and design. The first was Arthur H. Robinson's dissertation (published as The Look of Maps in 1952), with its call for objective research, and the second was the adoption in the 1970s of a paradigm of cartography as communication science.”

Alan MacEachren (1952) American geographer

Source: How Maps Work: Representation, Visualization, and Design (1995), p. 2

“Psychology. The Science of Soul, in days of old: a Science which served as the unavoidable basis for physiology. Whereas in our modern day, it is psychology that is being based (by our great scientists) upon physiology.”

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“The sheer increase in the quantity of information movement favoured the visual organization of knowledge and the rise of perspective even before typography.”

Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980) Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar-- a professor of English literature, a literary critic, and a …

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“[The special properties of visual perception of data]… is the visual means of resolving logical problems.”

Jacques Bertin (1918–2010) French geographer and cartographer

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“Cartography is about representation. This statement may seem obvious, but it has been overlooked in our search for organizing principles for the field. Rather than restricting research in cartography to maps that present well-defined messages (and suggesting a single, map-engineering approach to improving the transmission of these messages, as the communication approach did), attention to maps as spatial representation expands the field.”

Alan MacEachren (1952) American geographer

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“.. color being enigmatic in itself.... then to be logical we cannot use it any other way than enigmatically..”

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“We must begin by distinguishing between visual mental imagery and visual perception: Visual perception occurs while a stimulus is being viewed, and includes functions such as visual recognition (i. e., registering that a stimulus is familiar) and identification (i. e., recalling the name, context, or other information associated with the object). Two types of mechanisms are used in visual perception: “bottom-up” mechanisms are driven by the input from the eyes; in contrast, “top-down” mechanisms make use of stored information (such as knowledge, belief, expectations, and goals). Visual mental imagery is a set of representations that gives rise to the experience of viewing a stimulus in the absence of appropriate sensory input. In this case, information in memory underlies the internal events that produce the experience. Unlike afterimages, mental images are relatively prolonged.”

Stephen Kosslyn (1948) American psychologist

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“Physiological experiment on animals is justifiable for real investigation; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity.”

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) British naturalist, author of "On the origin of species, by means of natural selection"

letter http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F2113&viewtype=text&pageseq=7 to E. Ray Lankester, quoted in his essay "Charles Robert Darwin" in C.D. Warner, editor, Library of the World's Best Literature: Ancient and Modern (R.S. Peale & J.A. Hill, New York, 1896) volume 2, pages 4835-4393, at page 4391
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“Segregation occurs in the primary visual area of the cortex, which gives rise to two parallel pathways. …the "what" pathway, carries information about the form of an object… the "where" pathway, carries information about the movement of the object in space: where the object is located.”

Eric R. Kandel (1929) American neuropsychiatrist

In Search of Memory (2006)

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