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Thomas Babington Macaulay cytaty
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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1. baron Macaulay , brytyjski pisarz, historyk i polityk, członek stronnictwa wigów, minister w rządach lorda Melbourne'a i lorda Johna Russella.

Był najstarszym synem Zachary'ego Macaulaya, abolicjonisty i gubernatora Sierra Leone. Wykształcenie odebrał w Trinity College na Uniwersytecie Cambridge. Podczas studiów pisał wiersze i wygrał wiele nagród, m.in. złoty medal Kanclerza Uniwersytetu w czerwcu 1821 r. W 1825 r. opublikował esej o Johnie Miltonie na łamach Edinburgh Review. W 1826 r. rozpoczął praktykę adwokacką, ale porzucił karierę prawniczą dla polityki.

W 1830 r. został wybrany do Izby Gmin z okręgu Calne. Dał się poznać jako zwolennik reform wyborczych oraz równouprawnienia obywateli, głównie zniesienia dyskryminacji Żydów. Po uchwaleniu Great Reform Act w 1832 r. zmienił okręg na Leeds. W latach 1832-1833 był sekretarzem Rady Kontroli. Po uchwaleniu Government of India Act w 1833 r. został jednym z członków Rady Gubernatora Generalnego.

Macaulay wyjechał do Indii w 1834 r. Przez 4 lata pracował w Najwyższej Radzie Indii. Doprowadził do ustanowienia języka angielskiego obowiązkowym językiem szkolnictwa wyższego. Stał na czele Komisji Prawnej, która przygotowała założenia Kodeksu Karnego , Kodeksu Procedury Karnej oraz Kodeksu Procedury Cywilnej .

Po powrocie do Wielkiej Brytanii w 1838 r. Macaulay uzyskał mandat parlamentarny z okręgu Edinburgh. W 1839 r. został sekretarzem ds. wojny. Po upadku gabinetu w 1841 r. poświęcił się pracy literackiej. Napisał wówczas zbiór ballad Lays of Ancient Rome. W 1841 r. przedstawił swoje poglądy na kwestie prawa autorskiego, które stały się ważną podstawą kształtowania się tego prawa w krajach anglosaskich. W latach 1846-1848 był Paymaster-General. W 1847 r. utracił miejsce w Izbie Gmin.

W 1849 r. został wybrany rektorem Uniwersytetu Glasgow. W 1852 r. został ponownie wybrany z okręgu Edinburgh, ale z powodu złego stanu zdrowia, który doprowadził go do zawału serca, zrezygnował z mandatu w 1856 r. Był jednym z założycieli National Portrait Gallery. W 1857 r. otrzymał tytuł 1. barona Macaulay i zasiadł w Izbie Lordów. Zmarł w 1859 r. i został pochowany w Opactwie Westminsterskim. Nigdy się nie ożenił i nie pozostawił potomstwa. Wraz z jego śmiercią wygasł tytuł parowski.

Umierając Macaulay pozostawił niedokończonym swoje najważniejsze dzieło, Dzieje Anglii od wstąpienia na tron Jakuba II. Pracę nad nim rozpoczął w latach 40. Pierwsze dwie części ukazały się w 1848 r., dwie następne w 1855 r. Macaulay miał nadzieję dojść w swojej pracy do śmierci królowej Anny , ale zmarł ukończywszy tylko jeszcze jeden tom. Szóstą część, kończącą się na śmierci Wilhelma III wydała po śmierci Macaulaya jego siostra. Chociaż jego praca była krytykowana za nieukrywaną sympatię do wigów, sprzedano w tydzień 26 000 jej egzemplarzy. Przetłumaczono ją na język niemiecki, polski, duński, szwedzki, włoski, język francuski, niderlandzki, hiszpański, węgierski, rosyjski, czeski i perski. Wikipedia  

✵ 25. Październik 1800 – 28. Grudzień 1859   •   Natępne imiona Thomas Babington Macaulay, Thomas Macaulay
Thomas Babington Macaulay Fotografia
Thomas Babington Macaulay: 103   Cytaty 0   Polubień

Thomas Babington Macaulay cytaty

„Grzeczność – to dobroć w drobnostkach.”

Thomas Babington Macaulay

Źródło: Leksykon złotych myśli, wyboru dokonał Krzysztof Nowak, Warszawa 1998.

O myślach , O myśleniu

„Im więcej czytam o Sokratesie, tym mniej się dziwię, że go otruto.”

Thomas Babington Macaulay

The more I read about him, the less I wonder that they poisoned him.
Źródło: Robert E. Sullivan, Macaulay: The Tragedy of Power, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009, s. 172.

O czytaniu

Thomas Babington Macaulay: Cytaty po angielsku

“It may be that the public mind of India may expand under our system till it has outgrown that system; that by good government we may educate our subjects into a capacity for better government, that, having become instructed in European knowledge, they may, in some future age, demand European institutions. Whether such a day will ever come I know not. But never will I attempt to avert or to retard it. Whenever it comes, it will be the proudest day in English history.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1833/jul/10/east-india-companys-charter#column_536 in the House of Commons (10 July 1833)
1830s

“Now, if ever, we ought to be able to appreciate the whole importance of the stand which was made by our forefathers against the House of Stuart. All around us the world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations. Governments which lately seemed likely to stand during ages have been on a sudden shaken and overthrown. … Meanwhile in our island the regular course of government has never been for a day interrupted. The few bad men who longed for license and plunder have not had the courage to confront for one moment the strength of a loyal nation, rallied in firm array round a parental throne. And, if it be asked what has made us to differ from others, the answer is that we never lost what others are wildly and blindly seeking to regain. It is because we had a preserving revolution in the seventeenth century that we have not had a destroying revolution in the nineteenth. It is because we had freedom in the midst of servitude that we have order in the midst of anarchy. For the authority of law, for the security of property, for the peace of our streets, for the happiness of our houses, our gratitude is due, under Him who raises and pulls down nations at his pleasure, to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Vol. II, ch. 10
History of England (1849–1861)

“In one point I fully agree with the gentlemen to whose general views I am opposed. I feel with them, that it is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Minute on Education http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html (1835)
Minute on Indian Education (1835)

“No Hindoo, who has received an English education, ever remains sincerely attached to his religion. Some continue to profess it as matter of policy; but many profess themselves pure Deists, and some embrace Christianity. It is my firm belief that, if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolator among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence. And this will be effected without any efforts to proselytise; without the smallest interference with religious liberty; merely by the natural operation of knowledge and reflection. I heartily rejoice in the prospect.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Letter written to his father in 1836. Quoted in Indian Church History Review, December 1973, p. 187. Partially quoted in Goel, S. R. (2016). History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996. Chapter 13. ISBN 9788185990354 . Quoted from Koenraad Elst, The Argumentative Hindu (2012) Chapter 3

“It is scarcely possible to calculate the benefits which we might derive from the diffusion of European civilisation among the vast population of the East. It would be, on the most selfish view of the case, far better for us that the people of India were well governed and independent of us, than ill governed and subject to us; that they were ruled by their own kings, but wearing our broadcloth, and working with our cutlery, than that they were performing their salams to English collectors and English magistrates, but were too ignorant to value, or too poor to buy, English manufactures. To trade with civilised men is infinitely more profitable than to govern savages. That would, indeed, be a doting wisdom, which, in order that India might remain a dependency, would make it an useless and costly dependency, which would keep a hundred millions of men from being our customers in order that they might continue to be our slaves.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

"From his Speech in Parliament on the Government of India Bill, 10 July 1833. Quoted from Koenraad Elst, The Argumentative Hindu (2012) Chapter 3

“That noble Lord is of opinion, not only that we ought to exclude Natives from office, but that even by encouraging them to study the arts and learning of Europe, we are preparing the way for the utter destruction of our power in India. I must leave it to the noble Lord to explain what seems to me a rather singular inconsistency in his opinion. I am at a loss to understand how, while utterly contemning education when it is given to Europeans, he should regard it with dread when it is given to Natives. This training, we are told, when given to a European, makes him a bookworm, a twaddler, a man unfit for the active duties of life; but give the same education to the Hindoo, and it arms him with such an accession of intellectual power, that an established government, with an army of 250,000 men, backed by the whole army and navy of England, are to go down inevitably before its irresistible power.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech in the House of Commons (24 June 1853) https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1853/jun/24/government-of-india-bill-adjourned#column_758
1850s

“At last I have attained true glory. As I walked through Fleet Street the day before yesterday, I saw a copy of Hume at a bookseller's window with the following label: “Only 2l. 2s. Hume's History of England in eight volumes, highly valuable as an introduction to Macaulay.””

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

I laughed so convulsively that the other people who were staring at the books took me for a poor demented gentleman. Alas for poor David!
Journal entry (8 March 1849), quoted in George Otto Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Volume II (1876), p. 253
1840s

“Other countries have obtained deliverances equally signal and complete, but in no country has that deliverance been obtained with such perfect peace; so entirely within the bounds of the Constitution; with all the forms of law observed; the government of the country proceeding in its regular course; every man going forth unto his labour until the evening. France boasts of her three days of July, when her people rose, when barricades fenced the streets, and the entire population of the capital in arms successfully vindicated their liberties. They boast, and justly, of those three days of July; but I will boast of our ten days of May. We, too, fought a battle, but it was with moral arms. We, too, placed an impassable barrier between ourselves and military tyranny; but we fenced ourselves only with moral barricades. Not one crime committed, not one acre confiscated, not one life lost, not one instance of outrage or attack on the authorities or the laws. Our victory has not left a single family in mourning. Not a tear, not a drop of blood, has sullied the pacific and blameless triumph of a great people.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech to his committee at Leeds after the Reform Bill had received the Royal assent (1832), quoted in George Otto Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Volume I (1876), pp. 283–284
1830s

“Turn where we may,—within,—around,—the voice of great events is proclaiming to us, Reform, that you may preserve. Now, therefore, while every thing at home and abroad forebodes ruin to those who persist in a hopeless struggle against the spirit of the age,—now, while the crash of the proudest throne of the continent is still resounding in our ears,—now, while the roof of a British palace affords an ignominious shelter to the exiled heir of forty kings,—now, while we see on every side ancient institutions subverted, and great societies dissolved,—now, while the heart of England is still sound,—now, while the old feelings and the old associations retain a power and a charm which may too soon pass away,—now, in this your accepted time,—now in this your day of salvation,—take counsel, not of prejudice,—not of party spirit,—not of the ignominious pride of a fatal consistency,—but of history,—of reason,—of the ages which are past,—of the signs of this most portentous time. Pronounce in a manner worthy of the expectation with which this great Debate has been anticipated, and of the long remembrance which it will leave behind. Renew the youth of the State. Save property divided against itself. Save the multitude, endangered by their own ungovernable passions. Save the aristocracy, endangered by its own unpopular power. Save the greatest, and fairest, and most highly civilized community that ever existed, from calamities which may in a few days sweep away all the rich heritage of many ages of wisdom and glory. The danger is terrible. The time is short. If this Bill should be rejected, I pray to God that none of those who concur in rejecting it may ever remember their votes with unavailing regret, amidst the wreck of laws, the confusion of ranks, the spoliation of property, and the dissolution of social order.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech in the House of Commons (2 March 1831) https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1831/mar/02/ministerial-plan-of-parliamentary-reform#column_1204 in favour of the Reform Bill
1830s

“[I]f it is the moral right we are to look at, I say, that on every principle of moral obligation, I hold that the Jew has a right to political power.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech in the House of Commons (5 April 1830) https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1830/apr/05/the-jews#column_1313 in favour of Robert Grant's Jewish Disabilities Bill
1830s

“It is surely delightful, Sir, to look forward to that period when a series of liberal and prudent measures shall have delivered islands, so highly favoured by the bounty of Providence, from the curse inflicted on them by the frantic rapacity of man. Then the peasant of the Antilles will no longer crawl in listless and trembling dejection round a plantation from whose fruits he must derive no advantage, and a hut whose door yields him no protection; but, when his cheerful and voluntary labour is performed, he will return with the firm step and erect brow of a British citizen from the field which is his freehold to the cottage which is his castle.”

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Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay

Speech to a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society held at Freemasons' Tavern (25 June 1824), quoted in Report of the Committee of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, Volume I (1824), p. 77
1820s