Cyrus II of Persia , commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Hailing from Persis, he brought the Achaemenid dynasty to power by defeating the Median Empire and embracing all of the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanding vastly and eventually conquering most of West Asia and much of Central Asia to create the world's then-largest polity. The Achaemenid Empire's largest territorial extent was achieved under the rule of Cyrus' successor Darius the Great, whose rule stretched from the Balkans and the rest of Southeast Europe in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.
After conquering the Median Empire, Cyrus led the Achaemenids to conquer the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He also led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major military campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception"; Cyrus allegedly died in battle with the Massagetae, a nomadic tribal confederation of ancient Eastern Iranians, along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC. However, Xenophon claimed that Cyrus did not die fighting and had instead returned to the Achaemenid ceremonial capital of Persepolis. He was succeeded by his son Cambyses II, whose campaigns into North Africa led to the conquests of Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule.
To the Greeks, he was known as Cyrus the Elder . Cyrus became well-known among scholars at the time for having respected the customs and religious traditions of the lands that he conquered. He was influential in developing the system of a central administration at Pasargadae to govern the Achaemenid Empire's border satraps, which worked for the profit of both rulers and subjects. Following the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon, Cyrus issued the Edict of Restoration, in which he authorized and encouraged the return of the Jewish people to the former Kingdom of Judah, officially ending the Babylonian captivity. He is described in the Hebrew Bible and left a lasting legacy on Judaism due to his role in facilitating the "return to Zion" of the Jews. According to Chapter 45:1 of the Book of Isaiah, Cyrus was anointed by the God of Israel for this task as a biblical messiah; Cyrus is the only non-Jewish figure to be revered in this capacity.Cyrus is also recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as his influence on the traditions of both the Eastern world and the Western world. Achaemenid influence in the ancient world would eventually extend as far west as Athens, where upper-class Athenians adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling class of Achaemenid Persia as their own. As the founder of the first Persian empire, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of the Iranian nation; the Achaemenid Empire was instrumental in spreading the ideals of Zoroastrianism as far east as China. He remains a cult figure in modern-day Iran, with the Tomb of Cyrus serving as a spot of reverence for millions of the country's citizens.
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600 BC – 530 BC