Quotes from book
An American Dilemma

An American Dilemma
Gunnar Myrdal

An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy is a 1944 study of race relations authored by Swedish Nobel-laureate economist Gunnar Myrdal and funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York. The foundation chose Myrdal because it thought that as a non-American, he could offer a more unbiased opinion. Myrdal's volume, at nearly 1,500 pages, painstakingly detailed what he saw as obstacles to full participation in American society that American blacks faced as of the 1940s. Ralph Bunche served as Gunnar Myrdal's main researcher and writer at the start of the project in the Fall of 1938.It sold over 100,000 copies and went through 25 printings before going into its second edition in 1965. It was enormously influential in how racial issues were viewed in the United States, and it was cited in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case "in general". The book was generally positive in its outlook on the future of race relations in America, taking the view that democracy would triumph over racism. In many ways it laid the groundwork for future policies of racial integration and affirmative action.

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“The breakdown of discrimination in one part of the labor market facilitates a similar change in all other parts of it. The vicious circle can be reversed.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 385

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“America has had gifted conservative statesmen and national leaders. But with few exceptions, only the liberals have gone down in history as national heroes.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 7

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“The only possible way of decreasing Negro population is by means of controlling fertility.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 170

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“In this sense the Negro problem is not only America's greatest failure but also America's incomparably great opportunity for the future. If America should follow its own deepest convictions, its well-being at home would be increased directly. At the same time America's prestige and power abroad would rise immensely.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 1021

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“Education means an assimilation of white American culture. It decreases the dissimilarity of the Negroes from other Americans.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 879

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“Of all the calamities that have struck the rural Negro people in the South in recent decades—soil erosion, the infiltration of white tenants into plantation areas, the ravages of the boll weevil, the southwestern shift in cotton cultivation—none has had such grave consequences, or threatens to have such lasting effect, as the combination of world agricultural trends and federal agricultural policies initiated during the thirties.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 254

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“White prejudice and discrimination keep the Negro low in standards of living, health, education, manners and morals. This, in its turn, gives support to white prejudice. White prejudice and Negro standards thus mutually ‘cause’ each other.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 75

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“The bright side is that the conquering of color caste in America is America's own innermost desire. This nation early laid down as the moral basis for its existence the principles of equality and liberty. However much Americans have dodged this conviction, they have refused to adjust their laws to their own license. Today, more than ever, they refuse to discuss systematizing their caste order to mutual advantage, apparently because they most seriously mean that caste is wrong and should not be given recognition. They stand warm heartedly against oppression in all the world. When they are reluctantly forced into war, they are compelled to justify their participation to their own conscience by insisting that they are fighting against aggression and for liberty and equality.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 1021

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“The objective of an educational campaign is to minimize prejudice—or, at least, to bring the conflict between prejudice and ideals out into the open and to force the white citizen to take his choice”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 385-6

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“During the ’thirties the danger of being a marginal worker became increased by social legislation intended to improve conditions on the labor market. The dilemma, as viewed from the Negro angle is this: on the one hand, Negroes constitute a disproportionately large number of the workers in the nation who work under imperfect safety rules, in unclean and unhealthy shops, for long hours, and for sweatshop wages; on the other hand, it has largely been the availability of such jobs which has given Negroes any employment at all. As exploitative working conditions are gradually being abolished, this, of course, must benefit Negro workers most, as they have been exploited most—but only if they are allowed to keep their employment. But it has mainly been their willingness to accept low labor standards which has been their protection. When government steps in to regulate labor conditions and to enforce minimum standards, it takes away nearly all that is left of the old labor monopoly in the “Negro jobs.”
As low wages and sub-standard labor conditions are most prevalent in the South, this danger is mainly restricted to Negro labor in that region. When the jobs are made better, the employer becomes less eager to hire Negroes, and white workers become more eager to take the jobs from the Negroes.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 397

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“The study of women's intelligence and personality has had broadly the same history as the one we record for Negroes. As in the case of the Negro, women themselves have often been brought to believe in their inferiority of endowment.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 1077. Appendix 5

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“On the one hand, the negroes’ plane of living is kept down by discrimination from the side of the whites while, on the other hand, the white’s reason for discrimination is partly dependant on the negroes’ plane of living.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 1066

Gunnar Myrdal photo

“The treatment of the Negro is America's greatest and most conspicuous scandal.”

Gunnar Myrdal book An American Dilemma

Source: An American Dilemma (1944), p. 1020
Context: The treatment of the Negro is America's greatest and most conspicuous scandal. It is tremendously publicized, and democratic America will continue to publicize it itself. For the colored peoples all over the world, whose rising influence is axiomatic, this scandal is salt in their wounds.

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