Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) German-American psychologist and phenomenologist
Source: Gestalt Psychology. 1930, p. 143; About group formation
Source: Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice (2006), p. 263
Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) German-American psychologist and phenomenologist
Source: Gestalt Psychology. 1930, p. 143; About group formation
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935) United States Supreme Court justice
Donnell v. Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Co., 208 U.S. 267, 273 (1908).
1900s
“The sad truth is that the truth is sad.”
Daniel Handler book The Carnivorous Carnival
Lemony Snicket
The Carnivorous Carnival (2002)
Miles Davis (1926–1991) American jazz musician
Robert Fripp, on how Miles Davis influenced his leadership in King Crimson. <br class="br">As quoted in a Rolling Stone interview "The Crimson King Seeks a New Court" by Hank Shteamer (15 April 2019) https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/robert-fripp-interview-king-crimson-tour-david-bowie-kanye-west-820783/. <br class="br">Quotes by others
J. B. S. Haldane book The Causes of Evolution
Source: The Causes of Evolution (1932), Ch. IV Natural Selection, p. 102.
Tom R. Burns (1937) American sociologist
The shaping of social organization (1987)
Alhazen (965–1038) Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer
Firas al-Khateeb, Lost Islamic History https://www.amazon.com/Lost-Islamic-History-Reclaiming-Civilisation/dp/1849043973
“But it's exactly the other way around for an out-group member.”
Robert Trivers (1943) American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist
As quoted in Science at the Edge: Conversations with the Leading Scientific Thinkers of Today (2008), p. 170
Context: People are often unconscious of some of the mechanisms that naturally occur in them in a biased way. For example, if I do something that is beneficial to you or to others, I will use the active voice: I did this, I did that, then benefits rained down on you. But if I did something that harmed others, I unconsciously switch to a passive voice: this happened, then that happened, then unfortunately you suffered these costs. One example I always loved was a man in San Francisco who ran into a telephone pole with his car, and he described it to the police as, "the pole was approaching my car, I attempted to swerve out-of-the-way, when it struck me."
Let me give you another, the way in which group membership can entrain language-usages that are self-deceptive. You can divide people into in-groups or out-groups, or use naturally occurring in-groups and out-groups, and if someone's a member of your in-group and they do something nice, you give a general description of it – "he's a generous person". If they do something negative, you state a particular fact: "in this case he misled me", or something like that. But it's exactly the other way around for an out-group member. If an out-group member does something nice, you give a specific description of it: "she gave me directions to where I wanted to go". But if she does something negative, you say, "she's a selfish person". So these kinds of manipulations of reality are occurring largely unconsciously.