“If the variables are continuous, this definition [Ashby’s fundamental concept of machine] corresponds to the description of a dynamic system by a set of ordinary differential equations with time as the independent variable. However, such representation by differential equations is too restricted for a theory to include biological systems and calculating machines where discontinuities are ubiquitous.”

— Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Source: General System Theory (1968), 4. Advances in General Systems Theory, p. 96, as cited in: Vincent Vesterby (2013) From Bertalanffy to Discipline-Independent-Transdisciplinarity http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings56th/article/viewFile/1886/672

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Ludwig von Bertalanffy 65

austrian biologist and philosopher 1901–1972

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“We completely agree that description by differential equations is not only a clumsy but, in principle, inadequate way to deal with many problems of organization.”

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“Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition.”

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“Linking the basic parts are communication, balance or system parts maintained in harmonious relationship with each other and decision making. The system theory include both man-machine and interpersonal relationships. Goals, man, machine, method, and process are woven together into a dynamic unity which reacts…”

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Ludwig von Bertalanffy 65

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