“Zeev Sternhell has conclusively demonstrated that nearly all the ideas found in fascism first appeared in France. The fusion of racial nationalism with revolutionary and semicollectivist socioeconomic aspirations first occurred there, and in parallel fashion France was the first major country in which the revolutionary left rejected parliamentarianism while supporting a kind of nationalism.”

Source: Fascism: Comparison and Definition (1980), A History of Fascism, 1914—1945 (1995), p. 291

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Stanley G. Payne9

American historian 1934

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