Source: 1950s, Principles of economic policy, 1958, p. 1-2
“The research questions that motivate most quantitative studies in the health, social and behavioral sciences are not statistical but causal in nature. For example, what is the efficacy of a given drug in a given population? Whether data can prove an employer guilty of hiring discrimination? What fraction of past crimes could have been avoided by a given policy? What was the cause of death of a given individual, in a specific incident? These are causal questions because they require some knowledge of the data-generating process; they cannot be computed from the data alone.”
Pearl, Judea (2008) "Causal Inference," in: Pearl, Judea. The science and ethics of causal modeling. (2010).
Help us to complete the source, original and additional information
Judea Pearl 9
Computer scientist 1936Related quotes

Pearl, Judea. "Causal inference in statistics: An overview." Statistics Surveys 3 (2009): 96-146.
Source: An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956), Part 2: Variety, p. 121
Grassé, Pierre Paul (1977); Evolution of living organisms: evidence for a new theory of transformation. Academic Press, p. 279
Evolution of living organisms: evidence for a new theory of transformation (1977)
Context: Exceptional, unforeseeable, or even inexplicable phenomena would hence be fortuitous. these very vague adjectives too often have a merely circumstancial meaning. A given phenomenon, today considered random, may tomorrow be considered determined because its causes will have been unraveled by thorough and specific study.
Biologists, whose task is not to seek moral causes or intentions, must first of all make sure that so-called random facts really are random facts; they must constantly keep in mind Poincare's (1912b, p. 65) famous phrase: "Chance is only the measure of our ignorance."

p. 4 https://books.google.com/books/about/Not_Even_Wrong.html?id=pcJA3i0xKAUC&pg=PA4
Not Even Wrong (book, 2006)

Massad, "Deconstructing Holocaust Consciousness", Journal of Palestine Studies, 2002
On Alleged Zionist Collaboration with Nazi Germany

Source: Existence (1958), p. 13; also published in The Discovery of Being : Writings in Existential Psychology (1983), Part II : The Cultural Background, Ch. 5 : Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Freud, p. 52

“What desire can be contrary to nature since it was given to man by nature itself?”
Source: Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason

Hans Merensky, 15 April 1938 at the opening of the Merensky Library, University of Pretoria https://www.up.ac.za/dspace/handle/2263/6526