“The material in all elementary parts of a structure must have the properties of resistence to all internal forces produced by general loading conditions and by the action of any exterior force.”

— Eduardo Torroja

p, 125
Philosophy of Structures (1958)

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Eduardo Torroja 29

Spanish architect 1899–1961

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“[M]aterials should resist mechanical forces and other effects… starting with all types of loading and external forces… and with the mechanical properties of the materials… constitutes the part given most emphasis in technical books and schools.”

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“If heat were the affecting force, direct indications of its presence could be found which would not make use of geometry as an indirect method. …direct evidence for the presence of heat is based on the fact that it affects different materials in different ways. …The forces… which we have introduced… have two properties: (a) They affect all materials in the same way. (b) There are no insulating [or isolating] walls. …the definition of the insulating wall may be added here: it is a covering made of any kind of material which does not act upon the enclosed object with forces having property a. Let us call the forces which have the properties a and b universal forces; all other forces are called differential forces. Then it can be said that differential forces, but not universal forces, are directly demonstrable.”

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“Stone can effectively resist compression but is relatively weak in tension. Because of its mass and weight it may be used advantageously in structural types that can be made stable by the proper weight (dead load, gravity) and are but slightly exposed to lateral forces.”

Eduardo Torroja (1899–1961) Spanish architect

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“Equilibrium requires that the whole of the structure, the form of its elements, and the means of interconnection be so combined that at the supports there will automatically be produced passive forces or reactions that are able to balance the forces acting upon the structures, including the force of its own weight.”

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“One should become so familiar with the structure as to have the feeling of being, in full vitality and sentiment, part of it and of all its elements. …it is necessary to achieve a sincere Einfühlung [empathy] of the process of resistence… through the deformation that is always essentially united with the process of stressing. …[T]he comprehension of a structure requires intuitive knowledge of the ethology of its resistance and of its constituent materials.”

Eduardo Torroja (1899–1961) Spanish architect

Philosophy of Structures (1958)

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“The material in all elementary parts of a structure must have the properties of resistence to all internal forces produced by general loading conditions and by the action of any exterior force.”

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Eduardo Torroja 29

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