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Stephen Jay Gould citations
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Stephen Jay Gould, né le 10 septembre 1941 et mort le 20 mai 2002, est un paléontologue américain, professeur de géologie et d'histoire des sciences à l'université Harvard, qui a beaucoup œuvré à la vulgarisation de la théorie de l'évolution en biologie et à l'histoire des sciences depuis Darwin.

Ses propres travaux de recherche l'ont conduit à formuler la théorie des équilibres ponctués, selon laquelle les transitions évolutives entre les espèces au cours de l'évolution se font brutalement et non graduellement. Par la suite, il en viendra à insister sur le rôle du hasard dans l'évolution , contre la vision adaptationniste naïve qu'il critique pour ses « just-so stories » .

Il a aussi mené la campagne contre les créationnistes, visant à démontrer que la « science » de ces derniers, principalement représentée par le dessein intelligent , ne répondait pas aux critères fondamentaux de la méthode scientifique, et n'était qu'un moyen détourné de contourner la loi afin d'imposer l'enseignement du créationnisme à l'école en lui donnant un visage pseudo-scientifique. Wikipedia  

✵ 10. septembre 1941 – 20. mai 2002
Stephen Jay Gould: 292   citations 1   J'aime

Stephen Jay Gould citations célèbres

“Les gens parviennent à leurs conclusions au terme des chemins les plus étranges : de pures hypothèses inspirées d'un rêve se sont parfois avérées justes, alors que des conclusions obtenues avec rigueur au terme d'expériences menées de façon délibérée répétitive peuvent se révéler fausse.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Science et pratiques scientifiques, Connaissance

“La science a été longue à prendre en compte des explications de type historique - et les interprétations formulées jusqu'ici ont souffert de cette omission. Elle a aussi tendu à dénigrer l'histoire lorsqu'elle y a été confrontée, considérant toute invocation de la contingence comme moins élégantes basées directement sur des "lois de la nature" intemporelles.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Contingence

“L'interaction de ces deux fonctions - l'empirique, interne et le social, externe - est à la base du changement observé dans l'histoire des science.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Interaction, Interpénétration

“Des perspectives bien plus intéressantes peuvent s'ouvrir dés lors que nous choisissons une position située en dehors de la ligne de la dichotomie. (…) Chaque fois que l'on déroule le film de la vie, l'évolution prend une voie différente de celle que nous connaissons. (…). Mais la diversité des itinéraires possibles montre à l'évidence que les résultats finaux ne peuvent être prédit au départ. (…) Cette troisième alternative ne représente ni plus, ni moins que l'essence de l'histoire. Elle a pour nom contingence - et la contingence est une chose en soi, et non la combinaison du déterminisme et du hasard.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Contingence

“Il est certain que la science n'est pas exempte de tout reproche. Nous avons persécuté les dissidents, instauré un catéchisme et essayé d'exercer notre autorité dans le domaine de la morale, où elle ne peut se justifier. Pourtant, sans la science et le rationalisme, maintenus dans leur domaine, jamais les problèmes qui se posent à nous ne pourront être résolus. Mais les Yahoos n'abandonnent jamais.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Science et pratiques scientifiques, Pensées scientifiques et histoire des sciences

“… les belles (et puissantes) théories peuvent rarement être anéanties par « un seul vilain petit fait », comme le dit la célèbre formule de T. H. T Huxley — de même que les grandes idées ne devraient pas êtres réduites à néant de cette façon, dans ce monde où les faits sont tellement difficiles à débrouiller que ceux que l'ont dit avoir observés se révèlent bien souvent inexacts.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Science et pratiques scientifiques, Théorie et faits

Stephen Jay Gould Citations

“Les questions que [la dialectique] soulève sont, sous une autre forme, les questions de l'opposition entre réductionnisme et holisme qui sont à présent si brûlante dans tous les domaines de la biologie (où les explications réductionnistes ont atteint leurs limites et où, pour progresser, il faudrait de nouvelles approches pour traiter les données existantes, au lieu d'accumuler encore d'avantage de données).”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Matérialisme

formation , Question

“Les théories qui ne sont soutenues par aucun fait peuvent éventuellement être creuses (et si elles sont impossibles à étayer, elles sont dépourvues de sens pour la science) : mais, sans théorie à mettre à l'épreuve, nous ne savons pas où porter notre regard.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Science et pratiques scientifiques, Théorie et faits

science , Sens

“On ne peut pas s'attaquer de front à la "nature de la vérité", de façon abstraite et générale, sans devenir ennuyeux et pédant”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Abstraction

nature , vérité

“Les faits et les théories interagissent de manières très complexe, se renforçant souvent mutuellement.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Science et pratiques scientifiques, Théorie et faits

manière

“… selon le mythe en vigueur, dans notre profession, les changements dans les conceptions ne découlent que du raisonnement, en permanence appliqué à des observation accumulées en quantité toujours croissante. Mais, en réalité, le changement dans les sciences est toujours le résultat du mélange complexe et intriqué du processus d'accroissement des connaissance et de celui de la modification des circonstances sociales.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Interaction, Interpénétration

connaissance , réalité , science , changement

“Rien n'indique que Picasso représente un progrès par rapport aux artistes de la grotte Chauvet. Je ne pense pas que les capacités de l'homme aient changé depuis 30 000 ans. Les techniques ont changé, mais nous sommes fondamentalement les mêmes.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Évolution vs Progrès

rapports , changement , pensée , hommes

“Pour les spécialistes, l'évolution est une adaptation aux conditions changeantes de l'environnement et non pas un progrès.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Évolution vs Progrès

“L'histoire de la vie ressemble à un gigantesque élagage ne laissant survivre qu'un petit nombre de lignées, lesquelles peuvent ensuite subir une différenciation; mais elle ne ressemble pas à cette montée régulière de l'existence, de la complexité et de la diversité, comme on le raconte traditionnellement”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Évolution vs Progrès

histoire , vie

“… : à l'intention de ceux qui continuent à croire au mythe selon lequel la pure accumulation des faits est le préalable à la formulation solide d'une théorie solide, il me faut souligner que Darwin, au moment où il émit son idée lumineuse et correcte (la comparaison du rapport géographique avec le rapport temporel et l'évolution), a choisi de l'illustrer par un exemple qui s'est révélé complétement erroné!”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Théorie et faits

idée , rapports , faute

“La pensée dialectique devrait être prise plus au sérieux par les occidentaux, et non être écartée sous prétexte que certaines nations de l'autre partie du monde en ont adopté une version figée pour asseoir leur dogme.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Dialectique et principes, Matérialisme

pensée , monde

“L'évolution de la vie à la surface de la planète est conforme au modèle du buisson touffu doté d'innombrables branches et continuellement élagué par le sinistre sécateur de l'extinction. Elle ne peut du tout être représentée par l'échelle d'une inévitable progrès.”

Stephen Jay Gould

Citations par thèmes, Évolution vs Progrès

vie

“Les historiens commentent souvent la faute de vouloir trouver à tout prix une cohérence aux grands penseurs. Certains problèmes sont trop difficiles, trop globaux, trop importants, trop liés à leur contexte social, ou simplement trop pauvres en connées pour pouvoir être résolus même par les scientifiques les plus brillants.”

Stephen Jay Gould

La structure de la théorie de l'évolution, Chapitre 3 les germes de la théorie hiérarchique, 1_ Lamarck est la naissance de l'évolution moderne sur la base d'une théorie invoquant deux types de facteurs

grand-mère , problème , faute

Stephen Jay Gould: Citations en anglais

“Darwinian evolution may be the most truthful and powerful idea ever generated by Western Science, but if we continue to illustrate our conviction with an indefensible, unsupported, entirely speculative, and basically rather silly story, then we are clothing a thing of beauty in rags - and we should be ashamed, "for the apparel oft proclaims the man."”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 318
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Finally, the claim that we equated punctuated equilibrium with saltation makes no sense within the logical structure of our theory — so, unless we are fools, how could we ever have asserted such a proposition? Our theory holds, as a defining statement, that ordinary allopatric speciation, unfolding gradually at microevolutionary scales, translates to punctuation in geological time.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Source: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 1009

“Christopher Wren, the leading architect of London's reconstruction after the great fire of 1666, lies buried beneath the floor of his most famous building, St. Paul's cathedral. No elaborate sarcophagus adorns the site. Instead, we find only the famous epitaph written by his son and now inscribed into the floor: “si monumentum requiris, circumspice”—if you are searching for his monument, look around. A tad grandiose, perhaps, but I have never read a finer testimony to the central importance—one might even say sacredness — of actual places, rather than replicas, symbols, or other forms of vicarious resemblance.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Lying Stones of Marrakech

"A Tale of Two Work Sites", p. 251
The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2001)

“No more harmful nonsense exists than [the] common supposition that deepest insight into great questions about the meaning of life or the structure of reality emerges most readily when a free, undisciplined, and uncluttered (read, rather, ignorant and uneducated) mind soars above mere earthly knowledge and concern.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre I Have Landed

"No Science Without Fancy, No Art Without Facts", p. 48
I Have Landed (2002)

“The legends of fieldwork locate all important sites deep in inaccessible jungles inhabited by fierce beasts and restless natives, and surrounded by miasmas of putrefaction and swarms of tsetse flies. (Alternative models include the hundredth dune after the death of all camels, or the thousandth crevasse following the demise of all sled dogs.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Wonderful Life

Source: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 65

“Guessing right for the wrong reason does not merit scientific immortality.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"The Godfather of Disaster", p. 379
Bully for Brontosaurus (1991)

“There is no gene “for” such unambiguous bits of morphology as your left kneecap or your fingernail. […] Hundreds of genes contribute to the building of most body parts and their action is channeled through a kaleidoscopic series of environmental influences: embryonic and postnatal, internal and external. Parts are not translated genes, and selection doesn't even work directly on parts.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Panda's Thumb

"Caring Groups and Selfish Genes", p. 91
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“If the neck of the giraffe elongates an inch at a time, then the full panoply of supporting structures need not arise at every step. The coordinated adaptation can be built piecemeal. Some animals may slightly elongate the neck, others the legs; still others may develop stronger neck muscles. By sexual reproduction, the favorable features of different organisms may be combined in offspring.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 310
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“We do not inhabit a perfected world where natural selection ruthlessly scrutinizes all organic structures and then molds them for optimal utility. Organisms inherit a body form and a style of embryonic development; these impose constraints upon future change and adaptation. In many cases, evolutionary pathways reflect inherited patterns more than current environmental demands. These inheritances constrain, but they also provide opportunity. A potentially minor genetic change […] entails a host of complex, nonadaptive consequences. […] What “play” would evolution have if each structure were built for a restricted purpose and could be used for nothing else? How could humans learn to write if our brain had not evolved for hunting, social cohesion, or whatever, and could not transcend the adaptive boundaries of its original purpose?”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes

"Hyena Myths and Realities", p. 156
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (1983)

“If we make this readjustment to view Homo sapiens as an ultimate in oddball rarity, and life at bacterial grade as the common expression of a universal phenomenon, then we could finally ask the truly fundamental question raised by the prospect of Martian fossils. If life originates as a general property of the material universe under certain conditions (probably often realized), then how much can the basic structure and constitution of life vary from place to independent place?”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"War of the Worldviews", p. 352
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“I did speak extensively — often quite critically — about the reviled work of Richard Goldschmidt, particularly about aspects of his thought that might merit a rehearing. This material has often been confused with punctuated equlibrium by people who miss the crucial issue of scaling, and therefore regard all statements about rapidity at any level as necessarily unitary, and necessarily flowing from punctuated equilibrium. In fact, as the long treatment in Chapter 5 of this book should make clear, my interest in Goldschmidt resides in issues bearing little relationship with punctuated equilibrium, but invested instead in developmental questions that prompted my first book, Ontogeny and Phylogeny. The two subjects, after all, are quite separate, and rooted in different scales of rapidity — hopeful monsters in genuine saltation, and punctuated equilibrium in macroevolutionary punctuation”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

produced by ordinary allopatric speciation
Source: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (2002), p. 1005

“I would trade all the advantages of humanity to be a fly on the wall when Franklin and Jefferson discussed liberty, Lenin and Trotsky revolution, Newton and Halley the shape of the universe, or when Darwin entertained Huxley and Lyell at Down.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle

Source: Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987), p. 64

“I despair of persuading people to drop the familiar and comforting tactic of dichotomy. Perhaps, instead, we might expand the framework of debates by seeking other dichotomies more appropriate than, or simply different from, the conventional divisions. All dichotomies are simplifications, but the rendition of a conflict along differing axes of several orthogonal dichotomies might provide an amplitude of proper intellectual space without forcing us to forgo our most comforting tool of thought.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle

Source: Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987), p. 8

“We may need simple and heroic legends for that peculiar genre of literature known as the textbook. But historians must also labor to rescue human beings from their legends in science—if only so that we may understand the process of scientific thought aright.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Flamingo's Smile

"Darwin at Sea—and the Virtues of Port", p. 348
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“But here I stop—short of any deterministic speculation that attributes specific behaviors to the possession of specific altruist or opportunist genes. Our genetic makeup permits a wide range of behaviors—from Ebenezer Scrooge before to Ebenezer Scrooge after. I do not believe that the miser hoards through opportunist genes or that the philanthropist gives because nature endowed him with more than the normal complement of altruist genes. Upbringing, culture, class, status, and all the intangibles that we call “free will,” determine how we restrict our behaviors from the wide spectrum—extreme altruism to extreme selfishness—that our genes permit.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Ever Since Darwin

"So Cleverly Kind an Animal", p. 266
Ever Since Darwin (1977)

“In short, the root-head turns the crab into a Darwinian cipher, a feeding machine working entirely in the parasite's service. The castrated crab can make no contribution to its own evolutionary history; its "Darwinian fitness" has become flat zero. …But ever so carefully, for the parasite must maintain the crab in constant and perfect servitude - not draining the host enough to kill this golden goose, but not letting the crab do anything for its own Darwinian benefit.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 369
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The truly awesome intellectuals in our history have not merely made discoveries; they have woven variegated, but firm, tapestries of comprehensive coverage. The tapestries have various fates: Most burn or unravel in the footsteps of time and the fires of later discovery. But their glory lies in their integrity as unified structures of great complexity and broad implication.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Eight Little Piggies

"Men of the Thirty-Third Division: An Essay on Integrity", p. 125
Eight Little Piggies (1993)

“Before Kuhn, most scientists followed the place-a-stone-in-the-bright-temple-of-knowledge tradition, and would have told you that they hoped, above all, to lay many of the bricks, perhaps even the keystone, of truth's temple. Now most scientists of vision hope to foment revolution. We are, therefore, awash in revolutions, most self-proclaimed.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre An Urchin in the Storm

"Cardboard Darwinism", p. 27
An Urchin in the Storm (1987)

“When scientists need to explain difficult points of theory, illustration by hypothetical example - rather than by total abstraction - works well (perhaps indispensably) as a rhetorical device. Such cases do not function as speculations in the pejorative sense - as silly stories that provide insight into complex mechanisms - but rather as idealized illustrations to exemplify a difficult point of theory. (Other fields, like philosophy and the law, use such conjectural cases as a standard device.)”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"The Tallest Tale", p. 310
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“Phony psychics like Uri Geller have had particular success in bamboozling scientists with ordinary stage magic, because only scientists are arrogant enough to think that they always observe with rigorous and objective scrutiny, and therefore could never be so fooled—while ordinary mortals know perfectly well that good performers can always find a way to trick people.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

Source: The Mismeasure of Man (1996), p. 36

“The human mind delights in finding pattern—so much so that we often mistake coincidence or forced analogy for profound meaning. No other habit of thought lies so deeply within the soul of a small creature trying to make sense of a complex world not constructed for it.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Flamingo's Smile

"The Rule of Five", p. 199
The Flamingo's Smile (1985)

“If genius has any common denominator, I would propose breadth of interest and the ability to construct fruitful analogies between fields.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre The Panda's Thumb

"Darwin's Middle Road", p. 66
The Panda's Thumb (1980)

“I relish the fact that we New Yorkers talk funny, and that art deco skyscrapers symbolize our city. […] But we must set boundaries to this love of variety. I accept the need, even the blessings, of standardization in practical matters: we require a worldwide telephone dialing system and a network of national highways […]. We need domains of standardization, and realms of regionalism, each in its appropriate place, and linked in mutual respect and recognition. I accept and even want McDonalds at the highway interchange—but not in my little neighborhood of ethnic restaurants, and not next to the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

"Baseball : Joys and Lamentations", p. 309; originally published in The New York Review of Books (1993-11-04)
Triumph and Tragedy in Mudville (2003)

“We should take comfort in two conjoined features of nature: first, that our world is incredibly strange and therefore supremely fascinating … second, that however bizarre and arcane our world might be, nature remains potentially comprehensible to the human mind.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Dinosaur in a Haystack

"A Special Fondness for Beetles", pp. 386-387
Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995)

“We should therefore, with grace and optimism, embrace NOMA's tough-minded demand: Acknowledge the personal character of these human struggles about morals and meanings, and stop looking for definite answers in nature's construction. But many people cannot bear to surrender nature as a “transitional object”—a baby's warm blanket for our adult comfort. But when we do (for we must), nature can finally emerge in her true form: not as a distorted mirror of our needs, but as our most fascinating companion. Only then can we unite the patches built by our separate magisteria into a beautiful and coherent quilt called wisdom.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Rocks of Ages

Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life (Ballantine, 1999), p. 178

“I am willing to believe that my unobtainable sixty seconds within a sponge or a flatworm might not reveal any mental acuity that I would care to call consciousness. But I am also confident […] that vultures and sloths, as close evolutionary relatives with the same basic set of organs, lie on our side of any meaningful (and necessarily fuzzy) border—and that we are therefore not mistaken when we look them in the eye and see a glimmer of emotional and conceptual affinity.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

"Can We Truly Know Sloth and Rapacity?" pp. 389–390
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

“The problem may be briefly stated: What does "median mortality of eight months" signify in our vernacular? I suspect that most people, without training in statistics, would read such a statement as "I will probably be dead in eight months" - the very conclusion that must be avoided, since it isn't so, and since attitude matters so much.”

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Stephen Jay Gould

The Median Isn't the Message (1985)

“All interesting issues in natural history are questions of relative frequency, not single examples. Everything happens once amidst the richness of nature. But when an unanticipated phenomenon occurs again and again—finally turning into an expectation—then theories are overturned.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Wonderful Life

Source: Wonderful Life (1989), p. 136

“The divine tape recorder holds a million scenarios, each perfectly sensible. Little quirks at the outset, occurring for no particular reason, unleash cascades of consequences that make a particular feature seem inevitable in retrospect. But the slightest early nudge contacts a different groove, and history veers into another plausible channel, diverging continually from its original pathway. The end results are so different, the initial perturbation so apparently trivial.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Wonderful Life

Source: Wonderful Life (1989), pp. 320–321

“What constitutes the primordium of the adult parasite [ Rhizocephala ]? What can be injected through the narrow opening of the dart's hypodermic device? …Imagine going through such complexity as nauplius, cyprid, and kentrogon - and then paring yourself down to just a few cells for a quick and hazardous transition to the adult stage. What a minimal bridge at such a crucial transition! …But other species have achieved the ultimate reduction to a single cell! The dart injects just one cell into the host's interior, and the two parts of the life cyle maintain their indispensable continuity by an absolutely minimal connection - as though, within the rhizocephalan life cycle, nature has inserted a stage analogous to the fertilized egg that establishes minimal connection between generations in ordinary sexual organisms.”

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Stephen Jay Gould livre Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms

Triumph of the Root-Heads, p. 363
Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (1998)

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