Mouammar Kadhafi , né vers 1942 à Qasr Abou Hadi et mort le 20 octobre 2011 dans les environs de Syrte est un militaire et homme d'État libyen.
Officier des forces armées libyennes, Kadhafi arrive au pouvoir lors du coup d'État de 1969, qui renverse la monarchie. Il se distingue d'emblée par une politique volontariste visant à concrétiser les objectifs du panarabisme. En 1977, il réorganise les institutions de la Libye en faisant du pays une Jamahiriya , théoriquement gouvernée par le peuple lui-même selon un système de démocratie directe. En 1979, il renonce au poste officiel de chef de l'État, mais demeure de facto aux commandes de la Libye avec le titre de « guide de la Révolution de la Grande Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste » , exerçant un pouvoir absolu en dehors de tout cadre temporel ou constitutionnel.
Sur le plan intérieur, son régime utilise les ressources financières de la Libye pour en développer les infrastructures, l'éducation et le système de santé ; les libertés politiques sont par contre quasi nulles et le pouvoir s'appuie sur un système de terreur et de surveillance constante de la population. Sur la scène internationale, Kadhafi milite pour le panarabisme et le panafricanisme ; il utilise en outre la manne pétrolière pour financer des organisations terroristes et autres mouvements de rébellion à travers la planète. Il est notamment accusé d'être le responsable de l'attentat de Lockerbie en 1988 et de l'attentat contre le vol 772 UTA en 1989, qui ont coûté la vie à 440 personnes. Sa politique vaut un temps à la Libye d'être isolée sur le plan international. Par la suite, au début des années 2000, il opère un changement d'attitude diplomatique et parvient à revenir en grâce en se positionnant en allié de l'Occident dans la « guerre contre le terrorisme ».
À partir de février 2011, son pouvoir, en place depuis plus de 41 ans, est menacé par une contestation populaire que la répression transforme rapidement en insurrection armée, puis en guerre civile. Lors de la prise de Tripoli par les rebelles en août 2011, Mouammar Kadhafi fuit la capitale. Il est peu après capturé, lynché et tué dans les environs de Syrte.
Wikipedia
“Africa is closer to me in every way than Iraq or Syria.”
Interview (2001), quoted in BBC News (6 February 2001) "Analysis: Gaddafi's revolution" by Gerald Butt
Interviews
The Green Book (1975)
The Green Book (1975)
Contexte: Any class which becomes heir to a society, inherits, at the same time, its characteristics. That is to say that if the working class crushes all other classes, for instance, it becomes heir of the society, that is, it becomes the material and social base of the society. The heir bears the traits of the one he inherits from, though they may not be evident at once. As time passes, attributes of other eliminated classes emerge in the very ranks of the working class. And the possessors of those characteristics take the attitudes and points of view appropriate to their characteristics. Thus the working class turns out to be a separate society, showing the same contradictions as the old society.
Remarks at African Union headquarters, quoted in Daily Nation (5 February 2009) " Gaddafi defends Somali pirates http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/525348/-/13rtrgiz/-/index.html" by Argaw Ahine
Time (9 April 1979) " World: An Interview with Gaddafi http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920211-1,00.html"
Interviews
Televised address to the nation, quoted in guardian.co.uk (22 February 2011) " Gaddafi urges violent showdown and tells Libya 'I'll die a martyr' http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/22/muammar-gaddafi-urges-violent-showdown?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487" by Ian Black
Speeches
“Those rats … were attacked by the masses tonight and we eliminated them.”
Radio address on rebel forces in Tripoli, as quoted in "Libya conflict: Col Gaddafi faces rebel uprising on streets of Tripoli" in The Telegraph (21 August 2011) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8713761/Libya-conflict-Col-Gaddafi-faces-rebel-uprising-on-streets-of-Tripoli.html
Speeches
Sermon to a prayer meeting in Niger (30 March 2007), quoted in Reuters UK (30 March 2007) "Gaddafi says only Islam a universal religion" by Salah Sarrar
Speeches
Speech to the women of Sabha, October 4 2003; cited in ilfoglio.it http://www.ilfoglio.it/zakor/82
Speeches
Variante: The woman must be trained to fight inside the houses, to prepare an explosive belt and to blow herself up with the enemy soldiers. Anyone with a car has to prepare it and know how to fix the explosive and turn it into a car bomb. We have to train women to dispose of explosives in cars and make them explode in the midst of the enemy, to blow up the houses to make them collapse on enemy soldiers. You have to prepare traps. You have seen how the enemy controls the baggage: you have to manipulate these suitcases to make them explode when they open them. Women must be taught to undermine the cabinets, bags, shoes, children's toys, so that they burst on enemy soldiers.
“My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!”
Gaddafi expressing his gratitude to Nicolae Ceauşescu after receiving a Romanian translation of the Koran, quoted in Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief (1987) by Ion Mihai Pacepa, p. 101
“Nothing would please me more, but who else would pump the oil that we need? God damn America.”
Response to a question on expelling Americans from Libya (March 1973), quoted in Time (2 April 1973) " The Arab World: Oil, Power, Violence http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907040-6,00.html"
Radio broadcast from Benghazi (1 September 1969), quoted in The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy (2009) by Nicholas Hagger
Speeches
Interview with Al Jazeera (27 March 2007)
Interviews
Speech to heads of justice of the Jamahiriya (20 May 2009) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rM64DYglBk
Speeches
Interview with Marie Colvin, 20 June 1986. Sun-Sentinel http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-06-20/news/8602060350_1_moammar-gadhafi-white-house-wife
Audio message broadcast on the pro-Gaddafi Syrian Al Rai TV on 20 September 2011, as quoted in Libya conflict: Muammar Gaddafi urges mass protests http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15206478, BBC World News, 6 October 2011
Speeches
“Libya lived for 5000 years without oil and it is ready to live another 5000 years without it.”
Quote from oil fields nationalisation speech.
Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12688033
The Pittsburgh Press (3 August 1986) "Gadhafi, the man the world loves to hate" by Marie Colvin (UPI)
Remarks to captors minutes before death, quoted in msnbc.com (2011 October 21) "Even stashed in a meat locker, Gadhafi divides Libya" http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/44986347/ns/today-today_news/t/battle-over-body-delays-gadhafis-burial/
Interview with Oriana Fallaci (2 December 1979), Corriere della Sera
Interviews
Statement (5 April 2011), as quoted in "Libya on the Line: An interactive timeline Browse through a collection of conversations between Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam and other senior Libyan officials" at Aljazeera (11 May 2012)
Al Jazeera's mobile phone wiretaps
The Pittsburgh Press (3 August 1986) "Gadhafi, the man the world loves to hate" by Marie Colvin (UPI)
Speeches (March 2007) quoted in MEMRI Special Dispatch Series No. 1535 (6 April 2007) " In Overture to Iran, Qaddafi Declares North Africa Shi'ite and Calls for Establishment of New Fatimid State http://memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD153507"
Speeches
SBS Dateline (8 October 2003) "The New Libya"
Speech on the 38th anniversary of the closure of Wheelus Air Force, quoted in BBC News (12 June 2008) " Gaddafi attacks Obama on Israel http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7450000.stm"
Speeches
“1. There is Nato intervention politically as well as military.”
The Green Book (1975), Letter to Barack Obama
Speech in Conakry, Guinea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JDct2pJeZM (25 June 2007)
Speeches
Remarks after insulting King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and having his microphone cut (30 March 2009), quoted in The Scotsman (31 March 2009) " Gaddafi walks out of summit after attack on Saudi king http://news.scotsman.com/world/Gaddafi-walks-out-of-summit.5123610.jp" by Salah Nasrawi
“There is no state with a democracy except Libya on the whole planet.”
Video lecture at Columbia University (23 March 2006), quoted in BBC News (23 March 2006) "Gaddafi gives lesson on democracy"
Speeches
