François Viète citations

François Viète, ou François Viette, en latin Franciscus Vieta, est un mathématicien français, né à Fontenay-le-Comte en 1540 et mort à Paris le 23 février 1603.

De famille bourgeoise et de formation juridique, il a été l'avocat de grandes familles protestantes, dont les Parthenay-l'Archevêque et les Rohan, avant de devenir conseiller, puis maître des requêtes au parlement de Rennes, sous Charles IX, puis maître des requêtes ordinaires de l'hôtel du roi sous Henri III. Maître des requêtes et déchiffreur de Henri IV, membre du conseil du roi, il mène, parallèlement à ces charges au service de l'État, une carrière de mathématicien « amateur » qui lui vaut l'estime des grands professionnels de son temps.

Inspiré par de La Ramée, Gosselin et Peletier du Mans, il restaure la géométrie des Anciens et prolonge les travaux d'Al-Battani, de Rheticus et de Regiomontanus sur les sinus et les triangles sphériques. La publication de son livre phare, In artem analyticem isagoge, marque en 1591 le début de la révolution algébrique qui, poursuivie par Harriot, Oughtred, Girard et Descartes, fondera les notations de l'algèbre contemporaine. Viète est un des premiers mathématiciens en Europe à noter les paramètres d'une équation par des symboles. Il fonde ainsi l'algèbre nouvelle ou « logistique spécieuse », une version « homogène » de notre façon actuelle de mener les calculs symboliques. Écrivant en latin et connu de toute l'Europe, il formera quelques élèves, Nathanael Tarporley, Pierre puis Jacques Aleaume, Marin Ghetaldi, Jean de Beaugrand, Alexander Anderson, ainsi que des correspondants dont Lansberg de Meulabeecke, qui contribueront à sa renommée et prolongeront ses méthodes, les diffusant en Angleterre, aux Pays-Bas, en Italie et en Allemagne. Il finit par l'emporter sur quelques contradicteurs tels qu'Adrien Romain et Joseph Juste Scaliger. Une partie de ses travaux est consacrée à l'astronomie. Enfin, par ses travaux de déchiffreur, et singulièrement les dernières recommandations qu'il communiqua à Sully quelques semaines avant sa mort, Viète est l'un des premiers cryptologues à systématiser l'art de casser les codes.

Sa « logistique spécieuse », appréciée par van Schooten, Fermat, Huygens et Newton, détermine la façon d'écrire les mathématiques jusqu'à ce que Descartes libère cette écriture de ses contraintes d'homogénéité. Des mathématiciens du XIXe siècle, Michel Chasles et Joseph Bertrand, redécouvriront sa figure et l'importance de ses travaux, notamment ceux qui préfiguraient l'invention du triangle sphérique polaire et celle des inversions. Wikipedia  

✵ 1540 – 13. décembre 1603
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François Viète: 3   citations 0   J'aime

François Viète: Citations en anglais

“In mathematics there is a certain way of seeking the truth, a way which Plato is said first to have discovered and which was called "analysis" by Theon and was defined by him as "taking the thing sought as granted and proceeding by means of what follows to a truth which is uncontested"; so, on the other hand, "synthesis" is "taking the thing that is granted and proceeding by means of what follows to the conclusion and comprehension of the thing sought." And although the ancients set forth a twofold analysis, the zetetic and the poristic, to which Theon's definition particularly refers, it is nevertheless fitting that there be established also a third kind, which may be called rhetic or exegetic, so that there is a zetetic art by which is found the equation or proportion between the magnitude that is being sought and those that are given, a poristic art by which from the equation or proportion the truth of the theorem set up is investigated, and an exegetic art by which from the equation set up or the proportion, there is produced the magnitude itself which is being sought. And thus, the whole threefold analytic art, claiming for itself this office, may be defined as the science of right finding in mathematics…. the zetetic art does not employ its logic on numbers—which was the tediousness of the ancient analysts—but uses its logic through a logistic which in a new way has to do with species [of number]…”

Source: In artem analyticem Isagoge (1591), Ch. 1 as quoted by Jacob Klein, Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra (1934-1936) Appendix.

“On symbolic use of equalities and proportions. Chapter II.
The analytical method accepts as proven the most famous [ as known from Euclid ] symbolic use of equalities and proportions that are found in items such as:
1. The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.
2. Quantities being equal to the same quantity have equality between themselves. [a = c & b = c => a = b]
3. If equal quantities are added to equal quantities the resulting sums are equal.
4. If equals are subtracted from equal quantities the remains are equal.
5. If equal equal amounts are multiplied by equal amounts the products are equal.
6. If equal amounts are divided by equal amounts, the quotients are equal.
7. If the quantities are in direct proportion so also are they are in inverse and alternate proportion. [a:b::c:d=>b:a::d:c & a:c::b:d]
8. If the quantities in the same proportion are added likewise to amounts in the same proportion, the sums are in proportion. [a:b::c:d => (a+c):(b+d)::c:d]
9. If the quantities in the same proportion are subtracted likewise from amounts in the same proportion, the differences are in proportion. [a:b::c:d => (a-c):(b-d)::c:d]
10. If proportional quantities are multiplied by proportional quantities the products are in proportion. [a:b::c:d & e:f::g:h => ae:bf::cg:dh]
11. If proportional quantities are divided by proportional quantities the quotients are in proportion. [a:b::c:d & e:f::g:h => a/e:b/f::c/g:d/h]
12. A common multiplier or divisor does not change an equality nor a proportion. [a:b::ka:kb & a:b::(a/k):(b/k)]
13. The product of different parts of the same number is equal to the product of the sum of these parts by the same number. [ka + kb = k(a+b)]
14. The result of successive multiplications or divisions of a magnitude by several others is the same regardless of the sequential order of quantities multiplied times or divided into that magnitude.
But the masterful symbolic use of equalities and proportions which the analyst may apply any time is the following:
15. If we have three or four magnitudes and the product of the extremes is equal to the product means, they are in proportion. [ad=bc => a:b::c:d OR ac=b2 => a:b::b:c]
And conversely
10. If we have three or four magnitudes and the first is to the second as the second or the third is to the last, the product of the extremes is equal to that of means. [a:b::c:d => ad=bc OR a:b::b:c => ac=b2]
We can call a proportion the establishment of an equality [equation] and an equality [equation] the resolution of a proportion.”

From Frédéric Louis Ritter's French Tr. Introduction à l'art Analytique (1868) utilizing Google translate with reference to English translation in Jacob Klein, Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra (1968) Appendix
In artem analyticem Isagoge (1591)

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