“Christianity offers reasons for not fearing death or the universe, and in so doing it fails to teach adequately the virtue of courage.”

— Bertrand Russell

Source: 1930s, Education and the Social Order (1932), p. 107
Context: Belief in God and a future life makes it possible to go through life with less of stoic courage than is needed by skeptics. A great many young people lose faith in these dogmas at an age at which despair is easy, and thus have to face a much more intense unhappiness than that which falls to the lot of those who have never had a religious upbringing. Christianity offers reasons for not fearing death or the universe, and in so doing it fails to teach adequately the virtue of courage. The craving for religious faith being largely an outcome of fear, the advocates of faith tend to think that certain kinds of fear are not to be deprecated. In this, to my mind, they are gravely mistaken. To allow oneself to entertain pleasant beliefs as a means of avoiding fear is not to live in the best way. In so far as religion makes its appeal to fear, it is lowering to human dignity.

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logician, one of the first analytic philosophers and politi… 1872–1970

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“…do not courageous men endure death because they are afraid of yet greater evils? …Then all but philosophers are courageous only from fear, and because they are afraid; and yet that a man should be courageous from fear, and because he is a coward, is surely a strange thing.”

Socrates (-470–-399 BC) classical Greek Athenian philosopher

Plato, Phaedo

“Teach your children to work, teach your daughters modesty, teach all the virtue of economy. And if not make them saints, at least make them Christians.”

António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970) Prime Minister of Portugal

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“The hope of courage lies in every heart, together with the fear that we will fail. When the test came, you did not fail.”

Romeo LeBlanc (1927–2009) Canadian politician

Source: speech at the Ceremony for Decorations for Bravery, June 23, 1995.

“I have no more faith in poor men's animalism than in rich men's. And I want no proletarian revolution until the proletariat has demonstrated devotion to reason which the rich, with larger opportunities to cultivate that virtue, have so universally failed to achieve.”

Milton Mayer (1908–1986) American journalist

I Think I'll Sit This One Out (1939)
Context: If I believed that force would ever build a better world, I would be a Marxist revolutionary. But I have no more faith in poor men's animalism than in rich men's. And I want no proletarian revolution until the proletariat has demonstrated devotion to reason which the rich, with larger opportunities to cultivate that virtue, have so universally failed to achieve. I favor the underdog against the upperdog, but I favor something better than a dog above both of them.