“Particularism means that irrelevant criteria like e. g. only relatives of the boss have a chance at top positions, in contrast to universalistic criteria like e. g. competences is all that counts, are employed in choosing employees… The particularistic criteria are likely to be negatively related to performance.”

—  Charles Perrow

Source: 1970s, Complex organizations, 1972, p. 8-10

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Charles Perrow 71
American sociologist 1925–2019

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