“.. in an review of the exhibition in Arti, [in Amsterdam] you say that most of my submissions are not meant as a study. I don't know what you mean by study. I understand a study as a work I am painting directly after nature, with the aim hold on the casual tone, color and line. All of mine that is presented there, is immediately felt in nature and not one of the sketches is done by heart after received impressions for any paintings. I thought I had to tell you this, because then you might get a different view of it - whether you think they are more worthy or not because of this, I don't want to judge.... yours GH Breitner”

— George Hendrik Breitner

Mejufvrouw In een stukje over de Tent. in Arti zegt u dat het meerendeel van mijn inzending niet als studie bedoeld zijn. Ik weet niet wat u onder studie verstaat. Ik versta daar onder wat men direct naar de natuur schilderd om de toevallige toon kleur en lijn vast te houden. Na alles wat er van mij is. is dadelijk naar de natuur ervaren en zijn geen van allen [1:2] schetsen uit het hoofd gedaan na ontvangen indrukken voor eventuelen schilderijen. Ik meende u dat te moeten zeggen omdat u er dan misschien een anderen kijk op krijgt of u vind dat ze daarom verdienstelijker zijn of niet wil ik niet beoordeelen.. ..Hoogachtend uw GH Breitner
quote of Breitner in a letter to art-critic Grada Hermina Marius, 22 Feb. 1908; original text in RKD-Archive, The Hague https://rkd.nl/explore/excerpts/951
1900 - 1923

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George Hendrik Breitner 31

Dutch painter and photographer 1857–1923

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“It is not possible to make such things [paintings of street-views] without the help of photos. How do you want me to make an Amsterdam street. I make thumbnail sketches in my sketchbook. if it's possible I make a study from a window. and a sketch for the details after my choice. The composition is mine anyhow.”

George Hendrik Breitner (1857–1923) Dutch painter and photographer

translation from the original Dutch, Fons Heijnsbroek
version in original Dutch (citaat van Breitner's brief, in het Nederlands:) Het is niet mogelijk dergelijke dingen te maken zonder hulp van photos. Hoe wil je dat ik een Amsterdamsche straat maak. Ik maak krabbeltjes in mijn schetsboek. als het kan een studie uit een raam. en een schets voor de details maar de keus. De compositie is toch van mij.
after 1886; quoted by Van Veen in G.H. Breitner : fotograaf en schilder van het Amsterdamse stadsgezicht', 1997, p. 28-29; as cited in Van IJs naar Sneeuw - De ontwikkeling van het wintergezicht in de 19de eeuw, Arsine Nazarian Juli 2008, Utrecht, p. 85
Breitner defended himself when he was criticized by his art-dealer in using photography for making his paintings
undated quotes

“As far as my work concerned, I am busy with a few small paintings, one is ordered and the other I have to 'adventure'. More and more I feel that I am short of so many studies, if I had the money, I didn't make any painting next year, I would only study [sketches]; but well, you have to make the best of a bad job, it will be hard enough to enable myself a living.”

Anton Mauve (1838–1888) Dutch painter (1838–1888)

translation from original Dutch, Fons Heijnsbroek, 2018
(version in original Dutch / origineel citaat van Anton Mauve, uit zijn brief:) Wat mijn werk betreft zit ik aan enige kleine schilderijtjes, een is mij besteld en die andere moet ik avonturen. Ik voel hoe langer hoe langs hoe meer dat ik zooveel studie te kort kom, als ik geld had schilderde ik in het eerste jaar geen schilderij en studeer ik [schetsen], maar enfin je moet eens door een zure appel heenbijten, het zal mij moeite genoeg kosten om te kunnen leven.
Quote of Mauve, in a letter to Willem Maris, from Oosterbeek, 1864; as cited in Anton Mauve 1838 - 1888, exhibition catalog of Teylers Museum, Haarlem / Laren, Singer, ed. De Bodt en Plomp, 2009, p. 133
1860's

“All I can tell is that they [some small landscapes Bilders painted in Savoy, which were exhibited there] are more blatant than in my studio, and secondly that I have been honored with a pretty good review... the jury found evidence of a thoroughly study and of happy sunlight in my works. They thought that I had to cherish a lot of love for nature, to be able to show it so sensitive.... [I] can not deny that I am very pleased to find that my small paintings have been noticed favorably. And besides that, one will never forget his first review..”

Gerard Bilders (1838–1865) painter from the Netherlands

Bilder's travel to Switzerland with some other artists was the longest travel he ever made in his short life
Source: 1850's, Vrolijk Versterven' (from Bilders' diary & letters), p. 23 - quote in Bilder's letter to his maecenas Johannes Kneppelhout, from Savoy, near Geneva, Switserland, September 1858;

“I am busy painting every day studies of the weavers here, which I think are technically better than the painted studies from Drenthe, which I sent you.”

Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890) Dutch post-Impressionist painter (1853-1890)

1880s, 1884
Source: Quote from Letter 355, from Nuenen The Netherlands, January 1884; as quoted in Vincent van Gogh, edited by Alfred H. Barr; Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1935 https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_1996_300061887.pdf, page: Catalog: Dutch Period 2. - Weaver

“I believe that one should not think so much about nature when painting, at least not during the conception of the picture. Make the color sketch exactly as one has felt something in nature. But my personal feeling is the main thing. Once I have established it, lucid in tone and color, I must bring in from nature the things that make my painting seem natural, so that a layman will only think that 1 have painted it from nature.”

Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876–1907) German artist

quote from her Diaries, 1 October, 1902; as cited in Expressionism, a German intuition, 1905-1920, Neugroschel, Joachim; Vogt, Paul; Keller, Horst; Urban, Martin; Dube, Wolf Dieter; (transl. Joachim Neugroschel); publisher: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1980, p. 31
1900 - 1905

“See, I never understand why my paintings hold together because I don't have any tricks for doing it and that is usually what makes a painting academic. There were some well-known devices for making a painting work hold together, ave cohesion. This seemed to be organized. But I don't necessarily have to know what the mechanism is. For me, what it really is, is something you have in yourself that makes you feel, it gives the painting a feeling of unity, of oneness, and being of all of one piece.”

Adolph Gottlieb (1903–1974) American artist

Source: 1960s, Interview with Dorothy Seckler, 1967, p. 55-59.

“Dear Sir Verloren. Today I send you a drawing for your art-reviews. I would liked to have done more for you, but I have many demands for drawings from all sides and I am still very busy with paintings after my studies I made during the last trip. I hope that the drawing will be acceptable. The price is 150 guilders. I am not sure you need a title, call it just simply, 'Bij een Drentsch dorp' (At a village in Drenthe).”

Willem Roelofs (1822–1897) Dutch painter and entomologist (1822-1897)

translation from original Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek
(original Dutch: citaat van Willem Roelofs, in het Nederlands:) Waarde Heer Verloren. Heden zend ik U eene teekening voor Uwe kunstbeschouwingen. Gaarne had ik méér gedaan, maar heb aan alle kanten vraag naar teekeningen en zit daarenboven nog tot over de ooren in schilderijen naar studies der laatste reis. Ik hoop dat men de teekening redelijk goed zal vinden.- De prijs is 150 guldens.- Ik weet niet of gij een titel behoeft, noem het dan maar eenvoudig, 'Bij een Drenthsch dorp'.
Quote from a letter of W. Roelofs 2 Oct. 1861, to art-collector/dealer P. verloren van Themaat in Utrecht, taken from: an extract in the Dutch Archive R.K.D., The Hague https://rkd.nl/explore/excerpts/281
1860's

“At the coast you can see the most beautiful sea. I also made my panorama there. I regard it as my most important work; because it gives such a huge impression of nature. But I don't like to start it all again; to paint sixteen hundred meters of canvas there..”

Hendrik Willem Mesdag (1831–1915) painter from the Northern Netherlands

translation from original Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek

(original Dutch: citaat van Hendrik Willem Mesdag, in het Nederlands:) Aan de kust zie je de mooiste zee. Daar heb ik ook mijn panorama gemaakt. Dat beschouw ik als mijn belangrijkste werk; omdat 't zoo'n groote impressie geeft van de natuur. Maar'k zou 't niet graag nog's weer beginnen; daar zestien honderd meter doek te schilderen..

Quote of Mesdag (after 1881), cited by Godfried Bomans?, in magazine De Volkskrant, 23 July, 1966
after 1880

“The aim of my work: The study of nature, the love of nature's art, and the need to express what one feels in one's heart.”

Émile Gallé (1846–1904) French glass artist and cabinetmaker

Ecrits pour l'art, ed. Henrietta Galle Paris 1908/Marseille (1980).

“Paint studies of parts, for instance a piece of land, a group of trees or things like that, but always in a way that people can understand these things in relation with the whole landscape, by adding behind that group of trees the air in a right tone color and thereby in connection with the trees... Furthermore studies of a whole, preferably very simple subjects - A meadow with horizon and a piece of air to examine further the general tone color, the harmony of the whole.... and study nature even more by thinking about it than working after it.”

Willem Roelofs (1822–1897) Dutch painter and entomologist (1822-1897)

translation from original Dutch: Fons Heijnsbroek
(original Dutch: citaat van Willem Roelofs, in het Nederlands:) Schilder studies van gedeelten, bv. een stuk grond, een boomgroep of dergelijke maar toch altijd zóó dat men die in verband met het geheele landschap begrijpen kan, door achter die boomgroep de lucht juist van toon en daardoor in verband met de boomen er bij te schilderen.. .Verder studies van een geheel, liefst zeer eenvoudige sujetten - Eene weide met horizon en stuk lucht. Om nog meer de algemeene toon, de harmonie van het geheel na te gaan.. ..en bestudeer de natuur nog meer met er over te denken dan met er na [naar!?] te werken.
Quote from a letter of Roelofs to his pupil Hendrik W. Mesdag, 27 May 1866; as cited by De Bodt, in Halverwege Parijs, Willem Roelofs en de Nederlandse Schilderskolonie in Brussel, Gent, 1995a, p. 238
1860's

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George Hendrik Breitner 31

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