“Concrete presents, besides a coefficient of thermal expansion, a coefficient of hygroscopic dilation which is more appreciable. While concrete is kept wet… it expands; and as it dries, it contracts, in inverse proportion to the hygroscopic degree of the ambient air. …The shrinkage …will vary with the porosity of the concrete and with the thickness used in the structural member. …Shrinkage is much greater in structures consisting of thin elements subjected to intemperateness of dry climate, and disappears or becomes negligible in underground structures”

— Eduardo Torroja

e.g., foundations
Philosophy of Structures (1958)

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Eduardo Torroja 29

Spanish architect 1899–1961

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Spirit has arrived at the age of maturity...
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