“Data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data.”

— Russell L. Ackoff

Towards a Systems Theory of Organization, 1985, From Data to Wisdom, 1989

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Russell L. Ackoff 70

Scientist 1919–2009

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“Data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data.”

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Russell L. Ackoff 70

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