Ibn Khaldoun citations
Ibn Khaldoun
Date de naissance: 4. juin 1332
Date de décès: 19. mars 1406
Ibn Khaldoun, en arabe ابن خلدون , de son nom complet Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī, , est un historien, philosophe, diplomate et homme politique ifriqiyen, issu d'une famille andalouse d'origine arabe,.
Sa façon d'analyser les changements sociaux et politiques qu'il a observés dans le Maghreb et l'Espagne de son époque a conduit à considérer Ibn Khaldoun comme un « précurseur de la sociologie moderne ».
Ibn Khaldoun est aussi un historien de premier plan auquel on doit la Muqaddima , qui est en fait son Introduction à l'histoire universelle et à la sociologie moderne, et Le Livre des exemples ou Livre des considérations sur l'histoire des Arabes, des Persans et des Berbères. Dans ces deux ouvrages résolument modernes dans leur méthode, Ibn Khaldoun insiste dès le début sur l'importance des sources, de leur authenticité et de leur vérification à l'aune de critères purement rationnels. Georges Marçais affirme que « l'œuvre d'Ibn Khaldoun est un des ouvrages les plus substantiels et les plus intéressants qu'ait produit l'esprit humain ».
Néanmoins, des intellectuels déplorent que bien que son nom soit aussi célèbre au Sud qu'au Nord de la Méditerranée, son œuvre soit surtout lue dans cette seconde région.
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philologue, philosophe et poète allemandCitations Ibn Khaldoun
„Royal authority is a noble and enjoyable position. It comprises all the good things of the world, the pleasures of the body, and the joys of the soul. Therefore, there is, as a rule, great competition for it. It rarely is handed over (voluntarily), but it may be taken away. Thus, discord ensues. It leads to war and fighting, and to attempts to gain superiority.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 123, Princeton University Press, 1958.
„When civilization [population] increases, the available labor again increases. In turn, luxury again increases in correspondence with the increasing profit, and the customs and needs of luxury increase. Crafts are created to obtain luxury products. The value realized from them increases, and, as a result, profits are again multiplied in the town. Production there is thriving even more than before. And so it goes with the second and third increase. All the additional labor serves luxury and wealth, in contrast to the original labor that served the necessity of life.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, 2:272–73 quoted in Weiss (1995) p 30
„(Unlike Muslims), the other religious groups did not have a universal mission, and the holy war was not a religious duty to them, save only for purposes of defence… They are merely required to establish their religion among their own people. This is why the Israelites after Moses and Joshua remained unconcerned with royal authority for about four hundred years. Their only concern was to establish their religion… The Israelites dispossessed the Canaanites of the land that God had given them as their heritage in Jerusalem and the surrounding region, as it had been explained to them through Moses. The nations of the Philistines, the Canaanites, the Armenians, the Edomites, the Ammonites, and the Moabites fought against them. During that time political leadership was entrusted to the elders among them. The Israelites remained in that condition for about four hundred years. They did not have any royal power and were harassed by attacks from foreign nations. Therefore, they asked God through Samuel, one of their prophets, that he permit them to make someone king over them. Thus, Saul became their king. He defeated the foreign nations and killed Goliath, the ruler of Philistines. After Saul, w:David became king, and then Solomon. His kingdom flourished and extended to the borders of the land of the Hijaz and further to the borders of Yemen and to the borders of the land of the Byzantines. After Solomon, the tribes split into two dynasties. One of the dysnaties was that of the ten tribes in the region of Nablus, the capital of which is Samaria(Sabastiyah), and the other that of the children of Judah and Benjamin in Jerusalem. Their royal authority had had an uninterrupted duration of a thousand years.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, pp.183-184, Princeton University Press, 1981.
„Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, 2:272–73 quoted in Weiss (1995) p 30
„Arabic writing at the beginning of Islam was, therefore, not of the best quality nor of the greatest accuracy and excellence. It was not (even) of medium quality, because the Arabs possessed the savage desert attitude and were not familiar with crafts. One may compare what happened to the orthography of the Qur’an on account of this situation. The men around Muhammad wrote the Qur’an in their own script which, was not of a firmly established, good quality. Most of the letters were in contradiction to the orthography required by persons versed in the craft of writing…. Consequently, (the Qur’anic orthography of the men around Muhammad was followed and became established, and the scholars acquainted with it have called attention to passages where (this is noticeable). No attention should be paid in this connection with those incompetent (scholars) that (the men around Muhammad) knew well the art of writing and that the alleged discrepancies between their writing and the principles of orthography are not discrepancies, as has been alleged, but have a reason. For instance, they explain the addition of the alif in la ‘adhbahannahU "I shall indeed slaughter him" as indication that the slaughtering did not take place ( lA ‘adhbahannahU ). The addition of the ya in bi-ayydin "with hands (power)," they explain as an indication that the divine power is perfect. There are similar things based on nothing but purely arbitrary assumptions. The only reason that caused them to (assume such things) is their belief that (their explanations) would free the men around Muhammad from the suspicion of deficiency, in the sense that they were not able to write well. They think that good writing is perfection. Thus, they do not admit the fact that the men around Muhammad were deficient in writing.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqqadimah, ibn Khaldun, vol. 2, p. 382
„Religious propaganda gives a dynasty at its beginning another power in addition to that of the group feeling it possessed as the result of the number of its supporters… This happened to the Arabs at the beginning of Islam during the Muslim conquests. The armies of the Muslims at al-Qadisiyah and at the Yarmuk numbered some 30,000 in each case, while the Persian troops at al-Qadisiyah numbered 120,000, and the troops of Heraclius, according to al-Waqidi, 400,000. Neither of the two parties was able to withstand the Arabs, who routed them and seized what they possessed.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 126, Princeton University Press, 1981.
„On account of their savage nature, the Bedouins are people who plunder and cause damage. They plunder whatever they are able to lay their hands on without having to fight or to expose themselves to danger. They then retreat to their pastures in the desert. They do not attack or fight except in self-defence. Every stronghold or (locality) that seems difficult to attack, they by-pass in favour of some less difficult (enterprise). Tribes that are protected by inaccessible mountains are safe from their mischief and destructiveness. The Bedouins would not cross hills or undergo hardship and danger in order to get to them. Flat territory, on the other hand, falls victim to their looting and prey to their appetite whenever they (have the opportunity of) gaining power over it. Then they raid, plunder, and attack that territory repeatedly, because it is easily (accessible) to them. Eventually, its inhabitants succumb utterly to the Bedouins and then are pushed around by them in accordance with changes of control and shifts in leadership. Eventually, their civilization is wiped out. God has power over His creatures.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 118, Princeton University Press, 1981.
„Eventually, Aristotle appeared among the Greeks. He improved the methods of logic and systematized its problems and details. He assigned to logic its proper place as the first philosophical discipline and the introduction to philosophy. Therefore he is called the First Teacher.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 39 and p. 383, Princeton University Press, 1981.
„All the sciences came to exist in Arabic. The systematic works on them were written in Arabic writing.“
— Ibn Khaldun
Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 432, Princeton University Press, 1981.
