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Ibn Khaldoun, en arabe ابن خلدون , de son nom complet Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī, , est un historien, philosophe, diplomate et homme politique ifriqiyen, issu d'une famille andalouse d'origine arabe,.

Sa façon d'analyser les changements sociaux et politiques qu'il a observés dans le Maghreb et l'Espagne de son époque a conduit à considérer Ibn Khaldoun comme un « précurseur de la sociologie moderne ».

Ibn Khaldoun est aussi un historien de premier plan auquel on doit la Muqaddima , qui est en fait son Introduction à l'histoire universelle et à la sociologie moderne, et Le Livre des exemples ou Livre des considérations sur l'histoire des Arabes, des Persans et des Berbères. Dans ces deux ouvrages résolument modernes dans leur méthode, Ibn Khaldoun insiste dès le début sur l'importance des sources, de leur authenticité et de leur vérification à l'aune de critères purement rationnels. Georges Marçais affirme que « l'œuvre d'Ibn Khaldoun est un des ouvrages les plus substantiels et les plus intéressants qu'ait produit l'esprit humain ».

Néanmoins, des intellectuels déplorent que bien que son nom soit aussi célèbre au Sud qu'au Nord de la Méditerranée, son œuvre soit surtout lue dans cette seconde région.

✵ 27. mai 1332 – 17. mars 1406
Ibn Khaldoun photo
Ibn Khaldoun: 21   citations 12   J'aime

Ibn Khaldoun citations célèbres

“Tout pays conquis par les Arabes est bientôt ruiné. […] Si les Arabes ont besoin de pierres pour servir d'appuis à leurs marmites, ils dégradent les bâtiments afin de se les procurer; s'il leur faut du bois pour en faire des piquets ou des soutiens de tente, ils détruisent les toits des maisons pour en avoir. […] Sous leur domination la ruine envahit tout. Ils imposent aux gens de métier et aux artisans des corvées pour lesquelles ils ne jugent pas convenable d'offrir une rétribution. Or l'exercice des arts et des métiers est la véritable source de richesses[…]; l'ordre établi se dérange et la civilisation recule. Ajoutons que les Arabes négligent tous les soins du gouvernement; ils ne cherchent pas à empêcher les crimes; ils ne veillent pas à la sûreté publique; leur unique souci c'est de tirer de leurs sujets de l'argent, soit par la violence, soit”

Ibn Khaldoun

Les prolégomènes (Al-muqaddima)

“Les Berbères ont toujours été un peuple puissant, redoutable, brave et nombreux; un vrai peuple comme tant d’autres dans le monde, tels que les Arabes, les Persans, les Grecs et les Romains.”

Ibn Khaldoun

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale

“Voyez tous les pays que les Arabes ont conquis depuis les siècles les plus reculés : la civilisation en a disparu, ainsi que la population; le sol même paraît avoir changé de nature”

Ibn Khaldoun

Les prolégomènes (Al-muqaddima)

“Citons ensuite les vertus qui font honneur à l'homme et qui étaient devenues pour les Berbères une seconde nature; leur empressement à s'acquérir des qualités louables, la noblesse d'âme qui les porta au premier rang parmi les nations, les actions par lesquelles ils méritèrent les louanges de l'univers, bravoure et promptitude à défendre leurs hôtes et clients, fidélité aux promesses, aux engagements et aux traités, patience dans l'adversité, fermeté dans les grandes afflictions, douceur de caractère, indulgence pour les défauts d'autrui, éloignement pour la vengeance, bonté pour les malheureux, respect pour les vieillards et les hommes dévots, empressement à soulager les infortunés, industrie, hospitalité, charité, magnanimité, haine de l'oppression, valeur déployée contre les empires qui les menaçaient, victoires remportées sur les princes de la terre, dévouement à la cause de Dieu et de sa religion; voilà, pour les Berbères, une foule de titres à une haute illustration.”

Ibn Khaldoun

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale

“Le monde formé des (quatre) éléments et ce qu’il renferme sont sujet à la corruption tant dans leurs essence que dans leurs accident; aussi les choses et les êtres des diverses classes, tel que les minéraux, les plantes et tous les animaux, y compris l'homme, changent et se corrompent à vue d'œil.”

Ibn Khaldoun

Les prolégomènes ()

“Maintenant, le fait réel, fait qui nous dispense de toute hypothèse, est ceci : les Berbères sont les enfants de Canaan, fils de Cham, fils de Noé, ainsi que nous l'avons déjà énoncé en traitant des grandes divisions de l'espèce humaine. Leur aïeul se nommait Mazîgh; leurs frères étaient les Gergéséens (Agrikech); les Philistins, enfants de Casluhim, fils de Misraïm, fils de Cham, étaient leurs parents. Le roi, chez eux, portait le titre de Goliath (Djalout). Il y eut en Syrie, entre les Philistins et et les Israélites des guerres rapportées par l'histoire, et pendant lesquelles les descendants de Canaan et les Gergéséens soutinrent les Philistins contre les enfants d'Israël. Cette dernière circonstance aura probablement induit en erreur la personne qui représenta Goliath comme Berbère, tandis qu'il faisait partie des Philistins, parents des Berbères. On ne doit admettre aucune autre opinion que la nôtre; elle est la seule qui soit vraie et de laquelle on ne peut s'écarter.”

Ibn Khaldoun

Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale

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“La propagande religieuse donne à une dynastie à ses débuts un autre pouvoir en plus de celui du groupe se sentant possédé en raison du nombre de ses partisans… Cela arriva aux Arabes au début de l'islam lors des conquêtes musulmanes. Les armées des musulmans à al-Qadisiyah et à Iarmuk étaient au nombre de 30 000 dans chaque cas, tandis que les troupes perses à al-Qadisiyah étaient au nombre de 120 000 et les troupes d'Héraclius, selon al-Waqidi, 400 000. Aucune des deux parties n'a pu résister aux Arabes, qui les ont mis en déroute et ont saisi ce qu'ils possédaient.”

Ibn Khaldoun

Ibn Khaldoun: Citations en anglais

“The only people who accept slavery are the Negroes, owing to their low degree of humanity and proximity to the animal stage. Other persons who accept the status of slave do so as a means of attaining high rank, or power, or wealth, as is the case with the Mameluke Turks in the East and with those Franks and Galicians who enter the service of the state”

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Ibn Khaldun

in Spain
As quoted in Bernard Lewis, Race and Color in Islam, Harper and Row, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis.

“Religious propaganda gives a dynasty at its beginning another power in addition to that of the group feeling it possessed as the result of the number of its supporters… This happened to the Arabs at the beginning of Islam during the Muslim conquests. The armies of the Muslims at al-Qadisiyah and at the Yarmuk numbered some 30,000 in each case, while the Persian troops at al-Qadisiyah numbered 120,000, and the troops of Heraclius, according to al-Waqidi, 400,000. Neither of the two parties was able to withstand the Arabs, who routed them and seized what they possessed.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 126, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“(Unlike Muslims), the other religious groups did not have a universal mission, and the holy war was not a religious duty to them, save only for purposes of defence… They are merely required to establish their religion among their own people. This is why the Israelites after Moses and Joshua remained unconcerned with royal authority for about four hundred years. Their only concern was to establish their religion… The Israelites dispossessed the Canaanites of the land that God had given them as their heritage in Jerusalem and the surrounding region, as it had been explained to them through Moses. The nations of the Philistines, the Canaanites, the Armenians, the Edomites, the Ammonites, and the Moabites fought against them. During that time political leadership was entrusted to the elders among them. The Israelites remained in that condition for about four hundred years. They did not have any royal power and were harassed by attacks from foreign nations. Therefore, they asked God through Samuel, one of their prophets, that he permit them to make someone king over them. Thus, Saul became their king. He defeated the foreign nations and killed Goliath, the ruler of Philistines. After Saul, w:David became king, and then Solomon. His kingdom flourished and extended to the borders of the land of the Hijaz and further to the borders of Yemen and to the borders of the land of the Byzantines. After Solomon, the tribes split into two dynasties. One of the dysnaties was that of the ten tribes in the region of Nablus, the capital of which is Samaria(Sabastiyah), and the other that of the children of Judah and Benjamin in Jerusalem. Their royal authority had had an uninterrupted duration of a thousand years.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, pp.183-184, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“When civilization [population] increases, the available labor again increases. In turn, luxury again increases in correspondence with the increasing profit, and the customs and needs of luxury increase. Crafts are created to obtain luxury products. The value realized from them increases, and, as a result, profits are again multiplied in the town. Production there is thriving even more than before. And so it goes with the second and third increase. All the additional labor serves luxury and wealth, in contrast to the original labor that served the necessity of life.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, 2:272–73 quoted in Weiss (1995) p 30
Muqaddimah (1377)

“Royal authority is a noble and enjoyable position. It comprises all the good things of the world, the pleasures of the body, and the joys of the soul. Therefore, there is, as a rule, great competition for it. It rarely is handed over (voluntarily), but it may be taken away. Thus, discord ensues. It leads to war and fighting, and to attempts to gain superiority.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 123, Princeton University Press, 1958.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“Indeed, you should not desire to weigh with the intellect the issues of Tawhīd and the Hereafter; the reality of Prophethood; the reality of divine attributes and every other thing beyond the scope of the intellect, for such a desire is futile. An example of this would be a man who has a scale used for weighing gold suddenly desiring to weigh mountains with it! This does not mean that the scale is wrong in its measures; rather, the intellect has a limit it cannot surpass and a boundary it cannot transcend.”

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Ibn Khaldun

As quoted in Muḥammad Ramaḍān al-Ramaḍānī, ' The Delusion of Portraying the Aḥadīth as Being Contradictory to the Intellect and Sense Perception https://www.academia.edu/41143364/The_Delusion_of_Portraying_the_A%E1%B8%A5ad%C4%ABth_as_Being_Contradictory_to_the_Intellect_and_Sense_Perception_by_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_Rama%E1%B8%8D%C4%81n_al-Rama%E1%B8%8D%C4%81n%C4%AB?fbclid=IwAR2ADVWT4gR0yhH0NVxpUj7ME1qU9nQu1QnCcy8zmrfb5rXkJlatb24aCrw'

“All the sciences came to exist in Arabic. The systematic works on them were written in Arabic writing.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 432, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“Thus, the founders of grammar were Sîbawayh and, after him, al-Fârisî and Az-Zajjâj. All of them were of non-Arab (Persian) descent. They were brought up in the Arabic language and acquired the knowledge of it through their upbringing and through contact with Arabs. They invented the rules of (grammar) and made it into a discipline (in its own right) for later (generations to use). Most of the ḥadîth scholars who preserved traditions for the Muslims also were Persians, or Persian in language and upbringing, because the discipline was widely cultivated in the 'Irâq and the regions beyond. Furthermore all the scholars who worked in the science of the principles of jurisprudence were Persians. The same applies to speculative theologians and to most Qur'ân commentators. Only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. Thus, the truth of the following statement by the Prophet becomes apparent: 'If scholarship hung suspended in the highest parts of heaven, the Persians would attain it.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, vol. 1, pp. 429-430, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out. It overtook the dynasties at the time of their senility, when they had reached the limit of their duration. It lessened their power and curtailed their influence. It weakened their authority. Their situation approached the point of annihilation and dissolution. Civilization decreased with the decrease of mankind. Cities and buildings were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed. The East, it seems, was similarly visited, though in accordance with and in proportion to [the East's more affluent] civilization. It was as if the voice of existence in the world had called out for oblivion and restriction, and the world responded to its call. God inherits the earth and whomever is upon it.”

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Ibn Khaldun

Michael W. Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East, Princeton University Press, 1977, p. 67.

“Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, 2:272–73 quoted in Weiss (1995) p 30
Muqaddimah (1377)

“The sciences of only one nation, the Greeks, have come down to us, because they were translated through Al-Ma'mun's efforts. He was successful in this direction because he had many translators at his disposal and spent much money in this connection.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah (1377)

“Arabic writing at the beginning of Islam was, therefore, not of the best quality nor of the greatest accuracy and excellence. It was not (even) of medium quality, because the Arabs possessed the savage desert attitude and were not familiar with crafts. One may compare what happened to the orthography of the Qur’an on account of this situation. The men around Muhammad wrote the Qur’an in their own script which, was not of a firmly established, good quality. Most of the letters were in contradiction to the orthography required by persons versed in the craft of writing…. Consequently, (the Qur’anic orthography of the men around Muhammad was followed and became established, and the scholars acquainted with it have called attention to passages where (this is noticeable). No attention should be paid in this connection with those incompetent (scholars) that (the men around Muhammad) knew well the art of writing and that the alleged discrepancies between their writing and the principles of orthography are not discrepancies, as has been alleged, but have a reason. For instance, they explain the addition of the alif in la ‘adhbahannahU "I shall indeed slaughter him" as indication that the slaughtering did not take place ( lA ‘adhbahannahU ). The addition of the ya in bi-ayydin "with hands (power)," they explain as an indication that the divine power is perfect. There are similar things based on nothing but purely arbitrary assumptions. The only reason that caused them to (assume such things) is their belief that (their explanations) would free the men around Muhammad from the suspicion of deficiency, in the sense that they were not able to write well. They think that good writing is perfection. Thus, they do not admit the fact that the men around Muhammad were deficient in writing.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqqadimah, ibn Khaldun, vol. 2, p. 382
Muqaddimah (1377)

“On account of their savage nature, the Bedouins are people who plunder and cause damage. They plunder whatever they are able to lay their hands on without having to fight or to expose themselves to danger. They then retreat to their pastures in the desert. They do not attack or fight except in self-defence. Every stronghold or (locality) that seems difficult to attack, they by-pass in favour of some less difficult (enterprise). Tribes that are protected by inaccessible mountains are safe from their mischief and destructiveness. The Bedouins would not cross hills or undergo hardship and danger in order to get to them. Flat territory, on the other hand, falls victim to their looting and prey to their appetite whenever they (have the opportunity of) gaining power over it. Then they raid, plunder, and attack that territory repeatedly, because it is easily (accessible) to them. Eventually, its inhabitants succumb utterly to the Bedouins and then are pushed around by them in accordance with changes of control and shifts in leadership. Eventually, their civilization is wiped out. God has power over His creatures.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 118, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

“Eventually, Aristotle appeared among the Greeks. He improved the methods of logic and systematized its problems and details. He assigned to logic its proper place as the first philosophical discipline and the introduction to philosophy. Therefore he is called the First Teacher.”

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Ibn Khaldun livre Muqaddimah

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, p. 39 and p. 383, Princeton University Press, 1981.
Muqaddimah (1377)

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