James D. Thompson: Norm

“Organizations under norms of rationality seek to place their boundaries around those activities which if left to the task environment would be crucial contingencies.
The implication of this proposition is that we should expect to find organizations including within their domains activities or competencies which, on a technological basis, could be performed by the task environment without damage to the to the major mission of the organization. For the hotel, for example, provision of rooms and meals would be the major mission, and the operation of a laundry would be excluded; yet we find hotels operating laundries. On the other hand, provision of rooms and meals would not be within the major mission of the hospital, although hospitals commonly include these activities within their domains.”

James D. Thompson

Organizations in Action, 1967

“Under norms of rationality, organizations seek to smooth out input and output transactions.”

James D. Thompson

Proposition 2.3
Organizations in Action, 1967

“The more sectors in which the organization subject to rationality norms is constrained; the more power the organization will seek over remaining sectors of its task environment… many constraints and unable to achieve power in other sectors of its task environment will seek to enlarge the task environment.”

James D. Thompson

Source: Organizations in Action, 1967, p. 36-37; As cited in: Christopher A. Simon (2001). To Run a School: Administrative Organization and Learning, p. 40

“Under norms of rationality, organizations seek to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes which cannot be buffered or leveled.”

James D. Thompson

Proposition 2.4
Organizations in Action, 1967

Change

“When buffering, leveling, and forecasting do not protect their technical cores from environmental fluctuations, organizations under norms of rationality resort to rationing.”

James D. Thompson

Proposition 2.5
Organizations in Action, 1967

“Under norms of rationality, organizations seek to seal off their core technologies from environmental influences.”

James D. Thompson

Source: Organizations in Action, 1967, p. 19; Proposition 2.1

“Under norms of rationality, organizations seek to buffer environmental influences by surrounding their technical cores with input and output components.”

James D. Thompson

Source: Organizations in Action, 1967, p. 20; Proposition 2.2