Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, né à Rome, le 2 mars 1876 et mort à Castel Gandolfo le 9 octobre 1958 est le 260e pape de l'Église catholique sous le nom de Pie XII de 1939 à sa mort.
Né dans une famille de la noblesse pontificale, il progresse dans la curie, en tant que juriste dans la diplomatie vaticane. Nonce apostolique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale en Bavière puis en Allemagne, où il assiste à une révolte communiste et à la naissance du parti nazi, négociateur de plusieurs concordats, il est créé en 1929 cardinal secrétaire d'Etat du pape Pie XI. Il travaille avec lui au quotidien, en particulier sur les relations avec l'Allemagne où Hitler arrive au pouvoir avec l’appui du catholique Von Papen, avec lequel il négocie un concordat. Il travaille ensuite pour Pie XI à la lettre de condamnation du nazisme : Mit brennender Sorge. Ses capacités de diplomate et la confiance de Pie XI, qui meurt en 1939, en font le favori du conclave qui l'élit peu avant le début de la guerre.
Tentant de maintenir la paix , exposant sa vision du rôle du pape dans l'encyclique Summi Pontificatus, il maintient le Vatican dans une neutralité qui condamne les excès de la guerre sans nommer explicitement le nazisme de peur, semble-t-il, d'aggraver la répression. Sous la surveillance de Mussolini d'abord, puis sous celle des Allemands, il maintient des liens diplomatiques avec tous les régimes y compris ceux qui collaborent à l'antisémitisme et à la déportation des Juifs, tout en se refusant à condamner l'alliance des Alliés et de l'URSS. Mis au courant de l'existence des camps d'extermination, le pape condamne les actes sans en préciser explicitement les victimes, ni les coupables . Lors de l'occupation de Rome par les nazis, Pie XII agit pour éviter les bombardements de la ville et pour protéger les Juifs menacés, ce qui n'empêche pas complètement leur déportation mais lui vaut la reconnaissance de plusieurs personnalités et dignitaires juifs après la guerre.
Après la guerre, il s'oppose aux régimes communistes qui poursuivent la répression des catholiques et accompagne la décolonisation par la mise en place de clergés locaux. Durant son long pontificat, Pie XII exerce un magistère d'autorité, utilisant l'infaillibilité pour affirmer le dogme de l'assomption, publiant 42 encycliques et effectuant 33 béatifications. Il affirme une vision hiérarchique de l'Église comme un corps mystique du Christ, insistant sur l'apostolat des laïcs et sur le rôle de la famille chrétienne dans l'éducation. Il encadre les innovations liturgiques et la recherche sur les écritures saintes, met fin à l'expérience des prêtres ouvriers, prend position sur les questions scientifiques, la contraception ou sur les évolutions politiques, utilisant les médias modernes , et les grands rassemblements.
Après sa mort, en particulier à partir de 1963, à la suite de la parution de la pièce de théâtre Le Vicaire, il est l'objet d'une polémique entre ceux qui louent son action charitable et déterminée contre Hitler et ceux qui lui reprochent ses « silences » et ses ambiguïtés face aux régimes d’extrême-droite.
Wikipedia
“Perhaps the greatest sin in the world today is that men have begun to lose the sense of sin.”
Radio Message of His Holiness Pius XII to Participants in the National Catechetical Congress of the United States in Boston https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/speeches/1946/documents/hf_p-xii_spe_19461026_congresso-catechistico-naz.html, from Castel Gandolfo on Saturday, 26 October 1946
Statement (7 September 1956), as quoted in America, Vol. 100 (1958) by America Press, p. 121
Allocution to Midwives on the Nature of Their Profession, October 29, 1951. http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P511029.HTM http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius12/P12midwives.htm
Contexte: Besides, every human being, even the child in the womb, has the right to life directly from God and not from his parents, not from any society or human authority. Therefore, there is no man, no human authority, no science, no "indication" at all—whether it be medical, eugenic, social, economic, or moral—that may offer or give a valid judicial title for a direct deliberate disposal of an innocent human life, that is, a disposal which aims at its destruction, whether as an end in itself or as a means to achieve the end, perhaps in no way at all illicit. Thus, for example, to save the life of the mother is a very noble act; but the direct killing of the child as a means to such an end is illicit. The direct destruction of so-called "useless lives," already born or still in the womb, practiced extensively a few years ago, can in no wise be justified. Therefore, when this practice was initiated, the Church expressly declared that it was against the natural law and the divine positive law, and consequently that it was unlawful to kill, even by order of the public authorities, those who were innocent, even if on account of some physical or mental defect, they were useless to the State and a burden upon it. The life of an innocent person is sacrosanct, and any direct attempt or aggression against it is a violation of one of the fundamental laws without which secure human society is impossible. We have no need to teach you in detail the meaning and the gravity, in your profession, of this fundamental law. But never forget this: there rises above every human law and above every "indication" the faultless law of God.
Allocution to Midwives on the Nature of Their Profession, October 29, 1951. http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P511029.HTM http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius12/P12midwives.htm
Contexte: Besides, every human being, even the child in the womb, has the right to life directly from God and not from his parents, not from any society or human authority. Therefore, there is no man, no human authority, no science, no "indication" at all—whether it be medical, eugenic, social, economic, or moral—that may offer or give a valid judicial title for a direct deliberate disposal of an innocent human life, that is, a disposal which aims at its destruction, whether as an end in itself or as a means to achieve the end, perhaps in no way at all illicit. Thus, for example, to save the life of the mother is a very noble act; but the direct killing of the child as a means to such an end is illicit. The direct destruction of so-called "useless lives," already born or still in the womb, practiced extensively a few years ago, can in no wise be justified. Therefore, when this practice was initiated, the Church expressly declared that it was against the natural law and the divine positive law, and consequently that it was unlawful to kill, even by order of the public authorities, those who were innocent, even if on account of some physical or mental defect, they were useless to the State and a burden upon it. The life of an innocent person is sacrosanct, and any direct attempt or aggression against it is a violation of one of the fundamental laws without which secure human society is impossible. We have no need to teach you in detail the meaning and the gravity, in your profession, of this fundamental law. But never forget this: there rises above every human law and above every "indication" the faultless law of God.
Allocution to Midwives on the Nature of Their Profession, October 29, 1951. http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/P511029.HTM http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius12/P12midwives.htm
Contexte: Besides, every human being, even the child in the womb, has the right to life directly from God and not from his parents, not from any society or human authority. Therefore, there is no man, no human authority, no science, no "indication" at all—whether it be medical, eugenic, social, economic, or moral—that may offer or give a valid judicial title for a direct deliberate disposal of an innocent human life, that is, a disposal which aims at its destruction, whether as an end in itself or as a means to achieve the end, perhaps in no way at all illicit. Thus, for example, to save the life of the mother is a very noble act; but the direct killing of the child as a means to such an end is illicit. The direct destruction of so-called "useless lives," already born or still in the womb, practiced extensively a few years ago, can in no wise be justified. Therefore, when this practice was initiated, the Church expressly declared that it was against the natural law and the divine positive law, and consequently that it was unlawful to kill, even by order of the public authorities, those who were innocent, even if on account of some physical or mental defect, they were useless to the State and a burden upon it. The life of an innocent person is sacrosanct, and any direct attempt or aggression against it is a violation of one of the fundamental laws without which secure human society is impossible. We have no need to teach you in detail the meaning and the gravity, in your profession, of this fundamental law. But never forget this: there rises above every human law and above every "indication" the faultless law of God.
“All men are brothered in Jesus Christ.”
Statement (27 May 1946), as quoted in America, Vol. 100 (1958) by America Press, p. 121
address http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius12/P12EXIST.HTM to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 22 November 1951
quoted in Time, 3 December 1951
quoted by Dan Brown, Angels and Demons, page 44
