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Mircea Eliade, né le 9 mars 1907 à Bucarest et mort le 22 avril 1986 à Chicago , est un historien des religions, mythologue, philosophe et romancier roumain. Polyglotte, il parlait et écrivait couramment cinq langues : le roumain, le français, l'allemand, l'italien et l'anglais. Il lisait aussi l'hébreu, le persan et le sanskrit. Ainsi, la majeure partie de ses travaux universitaires a été écrite d'abord en roumain, puis en français et en anglais.

Mircea Eliade est considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de l'histoire moderne des religions. Savant studieux des mythes, Eliade élabora une vision comparée des religions, en trouvant des relations de proximité entre différentes cultures et moments historiques. Au centre de l'expérience religieuse de l’homme, Eliade situe la notion du « Sacré ».

Sa formation d'historien et philosophe l'a amené à étudier les mythes, les rêves, les visions, le mysticisme et l'extase. En Inde, Eliade étudia le yoga et lut, directement en sanscrit, des textes classiques de l'hindouisme qui n'avaient pas été traduits dans des langues occidentales.

Auteur prolifique, il cherche à trouver une synthèse dans les thèmes qu'il aborde . De ses documents est souvent souligné le concept de « Hiérophanie », par lequel Eliade définit la manifestation du transcendant dans un objet ou dans un phénomène de notre cosmos habituel.

Vers la fin du XXe siècle, quelques textes d'Eliade nourrissent la vision gnoséologique de mouvements religieux, apparus avec la contre-culture des années 1960. Wikipedia  

✵ 9. mars 1907 – 22. avril 1986
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Mircea Eliade: 45   citations 0   J'aime

Mircea Eliade citations célèbres

“Le mythe, écrit Mircea Eliade, "raconte une histoire sacrée; il relate un événement qui a eu lieu dans le temps primordial, le temps fabuleux des commencements. Autrement dit, le mythe raconte comment, grâce aux exploits des Etres surnaturels, une réalité est venue à l'existence, que ce soit la réalité totale: le cosmos,, ou seulement un fragment: une île, une espèce végétale, un comportement humain, une institution. C'est donc toujours le récit d'une "création": on rapporte comment quelque chose a été produit, a commencé à être" ("Aspects du mythe").”

Mircea Eliade

“Les instincts de l'homme restent intacts, voici la simple vérité qu'oublient les « rationalistes ». Or, sa soif de salut fait partie de l'ordre naturel des choses. Quoi qu'il lui arrive, quels que soient les changements qui s'opèrent en lui, l'homme veut, espère, croit faire son salut, trouver le sens central de son existence, valoriser sa vie.”

Mircea Eliade

Fragmentarium

“Une analyse adéquate de la mythologie diffuse de l'homme moderne demanderait des volumes. Car, laïcisés, dégradés, camouflés, les mythes et les images mythiques de rencontrent partout : il n'est que de les reconnaitre. Nous avons fait allusion à la structure mythologique des réjouissances du Nouvel An ou des fêtes qui saluent un "commencement" : on déchiffre encore la nostalgie de la renovatio, l'espoir que le monde se renouvelle, qu'on peut commencer une nouvelle Histoire dans un monde régénéré, c'est-à-dire créé à nouveau. On multiplierait facilement les exemples. Le Mythe du Paradis perdu survit encore dans les images de l'Ile paradisiaque et du paysage édénique, territoire privilégié où les lois sont abolies, où le temps s'arrête”

Mircea Eliade

Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities

Mircea Eliade: Citations en anglais

“The hearer of myth, regardless of his level of culture, when he is listening to a myth, forgets, as it were, his particular situation and is projected into another world, into another universe which is no longer his poor little universe of every day…. The myths are true because they are sacred, because they tell him about sacred beings and events. Consequently, in reciting or listening to a myth, one resumes contact with the sacred and with reality, and in so doing one transcends the profane condition, the "historical situation." In other words one goes beyond the temporal condition and the dull self-sufficiency which is the lot of every human being simply because every human being is "ignorant" — in the sense that he is identifying himself, and Reality, with his own particular situation. And ignorance is, first of all, this false identification of Reality with what each one of us appears to be or to possess.”

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Mircea Eliade

Source: Images and Symbols (1952), p. 59

“These thirty years, and more, that I've spent among exotic, barbaric, indomitable gods and goddesses, nourished on myths, obsessed by symbols, nursed and bewitched by so many images which have come down to me from those submerged worlds, today seem to me to be the stages of a long initiation. Each one of these divine figures, each of these myths or symbols, is connected to a danger that was confronted and overcome. How many times I was almost lost, gone astray in this labyrinth where I risked being killed… These were not only bits of knowledge acquired slowly and leisurely in books, but so many encounters, confrontations, and temptations. I realize perfectly well now all the dangers I skirted during this long quest, and, in the first place, the risk of forgetting that I had a goal… that I wanted to reach a "center."”

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Mircea Eliade

Journal entry (10 November 1959) published in No Souvenirs (1977) , 74-5. Journal II, 1957-1969 (1989).

“The worldly man lives in society, marries, establishes a family; Yoga prescribes absolute solitude and chastity. The worldly man is “possessed” by his own life; the yogin refuses to “let himself live”; to continual movement, he opposes his static posture, the immobility of āsana; to agitated, unrhythmical, changing respiration, he opposes prānāyāma, and even dreams of holding his breath indefinitely; to the chaotic flux of psychomental life, he replies by “fixing thought on a single point,” the first step to that final withdrawal from the phenomenal world which he will obtain through pratyāhāra. All of the yogic techniques invite to one and the same gesture—to do exactly the opposite of what human nature forces one to do. From solitude and chastity to samyama, there is no solution of continuity. The orientation always remains the same—to react against the “normal,” “secular,” and finally “human” inclination.”

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Mircea Eliade

Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, W. Trask, trans. (Princeton: 1969), pp. 95–96.

“Psychoanalysis justifies its importance by asserting that it forces you to look to and accept reality. But what sort of reality? A reality conditioned by the materialistic and scientific ideology of psychoanalysis, that is, a historical product…”

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Journal entry (7 October 1965) as published in No Souvenirs (1977) later retitled Journal II, 1957-1969 (1989), p. 269.

“The Experience of Sacred Space makes possible the "founding of the world": where the sacred Manifests itself in space, the real unveils itself, the world comes into existence.”

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Mircea Eliade

The Sacred and the Profane : The Nature of Religion: The Significance of Religious Myth, Symbolism, and Ritual within Life and Culture (1961), translated from the French by William R. Trask, [first published in German as Das Heilige und das Profane (1957)].

“It is only through the discovery of History — more precisely by the awakening of the historical consciousness in Judaeo-Christianity and its propagation by Hegel and his successors — it is only through the radical assimilation of the new mode of being represented by human existence in the world that myth could be left behind. But we hesitate to say that mythical thought has been abolished. As we shall soon see, it managed to survive, though radically changed (if not perfectly camouflaged). And the astonishing fact is that, more than anywhere else it survives in historiography!”

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Mircea Eliade

Source: Images and Symbols (1952), p. 113.

“A religious phenomenon will only be recognized as such if it is grasped at its own level, that is to say, if it is studied as something religious. To try to grasp the essence of such phenomenon by means of physiology, psychology, sociology, economics, linguistics, art or any other study is false; it misses the one unique and irreducible element in it — the element of the sacred.”

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Mircea Eliade

Patterns in Comparative Religion (1963), as translated by Rosemary Sheed, p. xiii

“It is not without fear and trembling that a historian of religion approaches the problem of myth. This is not only because of that preliminary embarrassing question: what is intended by myth? It is also because the answers given depend for the most part on the documents selected.”

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Mircea Eliade

The Quest: History and Meaning in Religion (1969), p. 72.

“In archaic and traditional societies, the surrounding world is conceived as a microcosm. At the limits of this closed world begins the domain of the unknown, of the formless. On this side there is ordered — because of inhabited and organized — space; on the other, outside this familiar space, there is the unknown and dangerous region of the demons, the ghosts, and the dead and foreigners — in a world, chaos or death or night. This image of an inhabited microcosm, surrounded by desert regions as a chaos or a kingdom of the dead, has survived even in highly evolved civilizations such as those of China, Mesopotamia and Egypt.”

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Mircea Eliade

Images and Symbols (1952)

“The crude product of nature, the object fashioned by the industry of man, acquire their reality, their identity, only to the extent of their participation in a transcendent reality.”

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Mircea Eliade

The Myth of the Eternal Return (1954) [also published as Cosmos and History (1959)].

“For those to whom a stone reveals itself as sacred, its immediate reality is transmuted into supernatural reality. In other words, for those who have a religious experience all nature is capable of revealing itself as cosmic sacrality.”

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Mircea Eliade

The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion: The Significance of Religious Myth, Symbolism, and Ritual within Life and Culture (1961).

“The way towards 'wisdom' or towards 'freedom' is the way towards your inner being. This is the simplest definition of metaphysics.”

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Mircea Eliade

Attributed in The Little Book of Romanian Wisdom (2011) edited by Diana Doroftei and Matthew Cross.

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